Greg B. Fowke v. Katherine L. Holland.

NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule
23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28,
as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties
and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's
decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire
court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case.
A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25,
2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted
above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260
n.4 (2008).

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

APPEALS COURT

24-P-894

GREG B. FOWKE

vs.

KATHERINE L. HOLLAND.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

After trial, a judge of the Probate and Family Court

entered a judgment for custody, support, and parenting time of

the parties' minor child. The mother appeals, arguing

principally that the trial judge abused her discretion and made

erroneous findings in denying her equal parenting time. We

affirm.

Background. We provide a brief summary of the judge's

factual findings and the procedural history, reserving some

details for later discussion. The parties, who were never

married, were involved in a romantic relationship beginning in

2008. They resided together in a home owned by the father and

had one child who was born in 2013. During the child's early
years, both parents worked full time and shared in caring for

the child. The parties' relationship ended in 2022. The

father, after experiencing several incidents involving the

mother's excessive use of alcohol, filed an action for custody,

support and parenting time pursuant to G. L. c. 209C.

In September 2022, the judge issued a temporary order

incorporating the agreement of the parties. The parties were

awarded joint legal custody of the child with primary physical

custody to the father. The temporary order, which was in effect

at the time of the trial, required the mother to submit to

alcohol testing five times per day, enroll in outpatient

counseling for alcohol dependency, and produce all treatment

records to the father's counsel. The parties agreed that the

mother would have unsupervised parenting time every other

weekend and every Tuesday and Thursday after school, or 2:30

P.M. if no school, until 7:00 P.M.

Trial occurred over two days on March 29, 2024, and April

1, 2024. In a detailed written decision, the judge ordered that

the parties share joint legal custody of the child and

established a parenting schedule. The parenting schedule

essentially continued the temporary order's schedule and

included a holiday parenting plan. In the findings of fact, the

judge found that both parents were thoughtful and loving

parents, both parents had been involved with the child's day-to-

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day care, and that the child was attached to both parents.

However, due to the mother's prior alcohol consumption, the

judge concluded that the best interests of the child were to

continue with essentially the same current parenting schedule,

rather than award equal parenting time. The judge acknowledged

the mother's success in maintaining sobriety, noting that the

mother would no longer have to submit to alcohol testing, or any

other type of supervision as a condition to her parenting time,

and concluded that "[t]he Court hopes that Mother will be able

to establish a record of full-time employment, and the ability

to reenter the stress of day-to-day life while maintaining

sobriety. If this happens, a modification of the current

parenting plan would be in order."

Discussion. "Parents have an equal right to custody of

their children." See Hunter v. Rose, 463 Mass. 488, 494 (2012).

In determining custody matters the "touchstone inquiry [is]

. . . what is best for the child, and [t]he determination of

which parent will promote a child's best interests rests within

the discretion of the judge . . . [whose] findings . . . must

stand unless they are plainly wrong" (quotations omitted).

Malachi M. v. Quintina Q., 483 Mass. 725, 740 (2019), quoting

Hunter, 463 Mass. at 494. A judge's factual findings will "not

be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be

given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge of the

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credibility of the witnesses." Mass. R. Dom. Rel. P. 52(a). "A

finding is 'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence

to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is

left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has

been committed." Barboza v. McLeod, 447 Mass. 468, 469 (2006),

quoting Marlow v. New Bedford, 369 Mass. 501, 508 (1976). See

Schechter v. Schechter, 88 Mass. App. Ct. 239, 245 (2015).

In her appeal, the mother claims that the judge made

erroneous findings and abused her discretion by ordering a

parenting schedule that does not give the mother equal parenting

time. In essence, the mother argues that the judge's

determination of the best interests of the child improperly

focused on the mother's prior alcohol consumption. She argues

the judge erroneously concluded that the mother was in denial of

her substance use disorder, ignored that she had taken

extraordinary steps to remain sober since 2022, and ignored the

guardian ad litem's (GAL) recommendation that the best interests

of the child would be served by the mother having equal

parenting time of the child. 1 We disagree.

1 The mother also argues that the judge's holiday parenting
schedule was an abuse of discretion because it deviated from the
family's past practice of spending most of the summer and
Christmas breaks in South Dakota. The mother essentially
requests equal holiday custody despite the award to the father
of primary physical custody. The mother cites no case, nor have
we found any, supporting the proposition that a judge must
evaluate holiday custody differently from custody during the

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A central issue -- if not the sole issue -- at trial was

the father's allegation that the mother suffered from a

substance use disorder. The judge heard testimony from the

father, the mother, and the GAL on this subject. In the end,

the judge credited the testimony of the father as to the

mother's prior use of alcohol and made specific findings of fact

regarding mother's excessive use of alcohol, her minimization of

her use of alcohol, and the impact that it had on the parties'

relationship and the child, including incidents where she was

intoxicated or drinking alcohol in the child's presence. The

judge specifically found that the mother was in denial when she

testified that her consumption amounted to social drinking and

that her drinking habits had not increased since 2016. The

judge articulated specific reasons for her conclusion, for

example referencing the mother's severe intoxication at a New

England Patriot's football game that required her to be

transported by ambulance to the hospital. The judge also did

not believe mother's version of events that she had fallen down

a set of stairs twice during a family celebration, not because

she was intoxicated, but because the stairs were treacherous.

The judge concluded that the evidence "supports a finding that

school year. Accordingly, our analysis of the overall custody
determination is dispositive of this argument as well.

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Mother clearly developed a drinking problem." 2 This finding is

supported by the record and does not amount to an abuse of

discretion.

While the judge properly considered and credited the

mother's lengthy period of sobriety and participation in

substance use treatment, she also appropriately considered that,

because the mother never admitted to having an alcohol problem

and blamed her drinking on the stress of interacting with the

father, that it was unclear if the mother would continue to

engage in substance use treatment in the future. Moreover, at

the time of trial, the mother expressed her intent to return to

full-time employment but had yet to do so. We do not read the

judge's decision as establishing full-time employment as a

condition of obtaining equal parenting time. Rather, the mother

expressed that her goal was to return to full-time employment,

so it was appropriate for the judge to consider this fact. It

was proper for the judge to consider that the mother remained

sober during a time in which she was not in the work force, and

that the mother had not established a track record of sobriety

while balancing the stressors of being employed full time and

2 In her findings of fact, the judge also stated that "[t]he
events that evidence her drinking is far beyond social drinking
are serious. The Court finds that both Mother and the GAL
downplayed these events and their impact on Mother's ability to
safely coparent the child."

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supporting herself and her child. See Adoption of Ulrich, 94

Mass. App. Ct. 668, 676 (2019), quoting Custody of Michel, 28

Mass. App. Ct. 260, 270 (1990) (judge can consider "pattern of

'past conduct to predict future ability and performance'").

The judge also considered, but ultimately rejected, the

GAL's recommendation regarding parenting time, finding that the

GAL had failed to address several key issues surrounding the

mother's alcohol consumption and its impact on the child.

Disagreeing with the recommendations of the GAL, without more,

does not amount to an abuse of discretion. The judge was not

required to accept the GAL's recommendation, as she provided

sufficient support for her decision concerning parenting time.

See Mason v. Coleman, 447 Mass. 177, 186 (2006) (judge not

required to adopt opinions of GAL).

In sum, the mother's challenges to the judge's findings

"amount to no more than a disagreement with the judge's weighing

of the evidence and credibility determinations regarding

witnesses." Adoption of Don, 435 Mass. 158, 166 (2001). "In a

bench trial credibility is 'quintessentially the domain of the

trial judge [so that her] assessment is close to immune from

reversal on appeal except on the most compelling of showings.'"

Prenaveau v. Prenaveau, 81 Mass. App. Ct. 479, 496 (2012),

quoting Johnston v. Johnston, 38 Mass. App. Ct. 531, 536 (1995).

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There was no abuse of discretion in the determination of

parenting time. 3

Judgment affirmed.

By the Court (Sacks,
Englander & Walsh, JJ. 4),

Clerk

Entered: July 16, 2025.

3 We decline to award attorney's fees to either party.

4 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.

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