William T. Downey v. Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources.

NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule
23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28,
as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties
and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's
decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire
court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case.
A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25,
2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted
above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260
n.4 (2008).

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

APPEALS COURT

22-P-861

WILLIAM T. DOWNEY

vs.

MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY RESOURCES.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

The plaintiff, William T. Downey, appeals from the grant of

summary judgment in favor of the defendant, Massachusetts

Department of Energy Resources (DOER), on Downey's age

discrimination claim under G. L. c. 151B. Downey applied for a

newly created position of director of emerging technology in

response to DOER's job posting. He was sixty-three years old at

the time of his application. DOER did not grant Downey an

interview, and, after interviewing three candidates, offered the

position to a younger applicant. Concluding that Downey has

demonstrated a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether

DOER's proffered reasons for not offering him an interview were

pretextual, we reverse the grant of summary judgment for the

defendant and remand for further proceedings.
Background. We summarize the basic facts in the light most

favorable to Downey, drawing all reasonable inferences in his

favor, and reserving certain facts -- disputed and undisputed --

for later discussion. See Bulwer v. Mount Auburn Hosp., 473

Mass. 672, 680 (2016). In 2015, the Commissioner of DOER,

Judith Judson (commissioner), created the director of emerging

technology position to head a new division within DOER. The job

was publicly posted on the Commonwealth's MassCareers online

database with a narrative job description. The position was

classified as a program manager level VIII, which carried

minimum entrance requirements of "five years of full-time, or

equivalent part-time, supervisory or managerial experience in

business administration, business management or public

administration[,] of which at least two years [were] in a

managerial capacity." In addition, DOER staff, in consultation

with the commissioner, drafted a management questionnaire (MQ)

that served as the official internal description of the position

identifying the minimum job requirements as five years in a

"supervisory capacity" and seven years in "energy and emerging

technology field." Although the Massachusetts Executive Office

of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) department of human

resources typically does an initial screen of applications

submitted through the MassCareers system before electronically

passing them to DOER's hiring manager, EEA did not screen

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candidates because the commissioner had indicated she wanted the

applications sent directly to her.

Downey submitted a cover letter, a one-page resume, a

professional biography containing a list of his consulting

assignments and professional experience, a publications list,

and later a "DropBox" link to a book he had recently authored on

the technology of electric vehicles. He was not offered an

interview. Three candidates were selected to be interviewed.

Two of the candidates were under consideration prior to the job

being posted publicly -- one who worked for a quasi public

agency that works with DOER, and another who was an internal

DOER candidate. Ultimately, the third candidate was hired.

Discussion. "Our review on summary judgment is de novo."

Yee v. Massachusetts State Police, 481 Mass. 290, 294 (2019).

"In considering a motion for summary judgment, we review the

evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party." Verdrager v. Mintz, Levin,

Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky & Popeo, P.C., 474 Mass. 382, 395 (2016),

quoting Drakopoulos v. U.S. Bank Nat'l Ass'n, 465 Mass. 775, 777

(2013). DOER, as the moving party, has "the burden of

establishing that there is no genuine issue as to any material

fact and that [it is] entitled to judgment as a matter of law"

(citation omitted). Id.

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In an employment discrimination case, a plaintiff "may

survive a motion for summary judgment by providing [d]irect

evidence of [the] elements of discriminatory animus and

causation" (quotation and citation omitted). Bulwer, 473 Mass.

at 680. "Because direct evidence 'rarely exists,' however, [a]

plaintiff may also survive such a motion by providing 'indirect

or circumstantial evidence [of discriminatory animus and

causation] using the familiar three-stage, burden-shifting

paradigm first set out in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411

U.S. 792, 802-805 (1973)'" (citation omitted). Id. at 680-681.

Here, the parties properly focus their arguments on the third

stage of McDonnell Douglas, which requires a plaintiff to

produce evidence from which a jury could find that at least one

of the employer's articulated reasons for the adverse employment

decision was not true. See Bulwer, supra at 681. "To survive a

motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff need only present

evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer that the

respondent's facially proper reasons given for its action

against him were not the real reasons for that action"

(quotation and citation omitted). Id. at 682.

In essence, DOER asserted that Downey was not offered an

interview because his resume did not reflect emerging technology

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experience, as opposed to broad energy experience.1 More

specifically, DOER explained that it decided not to interview

Downey because the projects he listed on his resume "[bore] no

relation whatsoever to energy storage, resiliency, microgrids,

or other related emerging energy technologies" and his resume

was "entirely devoid of any reference to the energy storage

experience required in a candidate as outlined by the Program

Manager job posting."

Among the documents submitted in his opposition to DOER's

motion for summary judgment, Downey included an affidavit

detailing the entries listed on his resume and their

relationship to the policy areas identified by DOER. In

particular, he cited a project "concerning rural

electrification, grid development, and small hydro [that]

related to energy storage, microgrids, and resiliency," as well

as experience "supervis[ing] installation of commercial [and]

residential solar heating systems [and] small wind turbines."

Downey further stated that his submission contained references

to several of his "publications relating to emerging energy

technologies, including solar and wind." DOER argues that

Downey's experience was dated and thus not applicable. These

1 We note that DOER initially stated that the commissioner did
not remember reviewing Downey's resume. DOER's explanations for
not offering Downey an interview all came after the commissioner
became aware of Downey's age discrimination complaint.
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conflicting positions reflect a factual dispute that relies on

credibility determinations. We are satisfied that the evidence

provided by Downey was sufficient for a juror to infer that

DOER's stated reasons for not interviewing Downing were

pretextual.

DOER also indicated that the successful candidate's resume,

in contrast to Downey's, "stood out . . . because the experience

detailed therein aligned with the specific background [the

commissioner] sought for the [p]osition." Downey contends that

the commissioner was so focused on hiring a younger candidate

that she "disregarded the minimum levels of experience that the

position demanded." Although DOER asserts that it "believed

[the candidate who ultimately was hired] met the minimum

required qualifications," the commissioner testified in her

deposition that she was unaware the requirements existed. That

candidate met neither the publicly posted requirement of five

years of management experience (the candidate had only four at

the time) nor the internal MQ minimum qualification of seven

years in energy and emerging technology (the candidate had been

working in energy technology for thirty-three months). The

issue is further complicated by the commissioner's decision to

bypass EEA screening, which Downing contends would have resulted

in the successful candidate's resume being screened out. On

this record, we are further persuaded that Downey has supplied

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facts that call into question the truthfulness of DOER's claim

that age played no role in its decision to interview and

ultimately hire the successful candidate.

Downey argues that additional evidence of pretext can be

found in the "shifting nature" of the description of the

criteria DOER claims it used to evaluate candidates at various

stages of the hiring process and this litigation. DOER counters

that the criteria remained consistent, and that any

inconsistencies reflect the commissioner's focus at various

times on specific areas within those criteria. On our review of

the summary judgment record, we agree with Downey that there are

sufficient substantive differences between the description of

the job requirements in the public job posting, DOER's position

statement to the Massachusetts Commission Against

Discrimination, DOER's interrogatory response, and the

commissioner's deposition testimony to support a reasonable

inference of pretext.

Finally, Downey contends that DOER's failure to follow

established Massachusetts State agency hiring procedures alone

may give rise to an inference of discrimination. Although DOER

does not deny its failure to adhere to established practices

contained in a "model hiring guidelines" promulgated by the

executive branch's human resources division, it asserts that

they were not mandatory. Here there was evidence that DOER

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deviated from guidelines that were provided to all managers in

executive branch agencies, and that DOER acknowledged using in

most other hiring decisions, by declining to (1) develop and

apply screening criteria to select candidates to be interviewed;

(2) involve the agency's diversity officer at various stages of

the hiring process; (3) establish standard questions in advance

of interviews and distribute them to an interview panel; (4)

create objective written criteria for evaluating candidates

based on their interviews; and (5) retain documentation of

scoring candidates during the interview process. We conclude

that this evidence adequately supported an inference of DOER's

discriminatory intent. See Bulwer, 473 Mass. at 687 (failure to

follow established procedures or criteria may support reasonable

inference of intentional discrimination).

The judgment dated July 20,
2022, is reversed, and the
matter is remanded for
further proceedings
consistent with this
memorandum and order.

By the Court (Meade, Blake &
Brennan, JJ.2),

Clerk

Entered: July 7, 2023.

2 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.
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