David W. Hammons v. Jessica E. Hammons;

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2018-CA-00708-COA

DAVID W. HAMMONS APPELLANT

v.

JESSICA E. HAMMONS APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/28/2017
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. CARTER O. BISE
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HARRISON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT,
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: RENEE M. PORTER
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: ALBEN NORRIS HOPKINS JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - CUSTODY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 01/21/2020
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE BARNES, C.J., McCARTY AND C. WILSON, JJ.

McCARTY, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. This is a case about custody modification. The Harrison County Chancery Court

granted a divorce where the mother was awarded sole physical custody of the couple’s two

children with visitation granted to the father. Several years later, the father filed a motion

seeking a custody modification. The father alleged that the environment provided by the

mother was harmful to the child’s best interest. The chancery court found that there was not

a material change or adverse circumstances warranting modification. We agree and affirm

the judgment of the chancery court.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. Jessica and David Hammons were divorced, and afterward David married Tiffany

Ladner. Tiffany was previously married to Mike Ladner, whom Jessica Hammons is

currently dating. As the chancery court concluded, “This situation has resulted in the parties’

personal lives remaining enmeshed, leaving them locked in conflict.”

¶3. After David and Jessica’s contentious divorce, Jessica was given sole custody of the

couple’s two children: their daughter Susan, and their son B.H.H.; David was awarded

visitation.1 Later, an agreed judgment modifying custody and visitation was entered. Per the

agreement, Jessica retained sole custody of both children, and David voluntarily gave up his

week-day visitation.

¶4. Many motions were filed in the years following the judgment of divorce. Serving as

the prelude to the present case was Jessica’s motion for contempt against David. She

claimed David was in arrears for clothing- and support-related expenses and unreimbursed

medical bills. David responded with a motion for contempt, modification of custody, and

temporary relief. David also asked for Susan’s emancipation and his support obligations to

be set aside.

¶5. This case is not about Susan, but the events and circumstances giving rise to her

emancipation inform this appeal. In his motion for emancipation, David claimed that he had

not had visitation with Susan in years. The alienation between father and daughter began

1
We elect to use the pseudonym “Susan” in reference to the parties’ daughter for
anonymity. We will refer to the parties’ son by “B.H.H.” because this Court declines to
identify minor children by name.

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when Susan was picked up by the police for drinking alcohol. David reacted by screaming

that Susan was “sleeping around” and that Jessica was “raising her to be a whore like you.”

¶6. Four years prior to David’s motion, an altercation took place in which David hit

Jessica. While Susan was not present for the assault, it irreparably damaged the relationship

between her and her father. Afterward, Susan refused to visit or speak with her father.

Susan remains estranged from David to this day.

¶7. In support of his motion for custody modification, David claimed that B.H.H.—who

was fourteen years old at the time of the motion—was experiencing problems like his sister

Susan, which David attributed to Jessica’s poor parenting. David alleged that Jessica

“encouraged” Susan to have a sexual relationship with her boyfriend. He also maintained

that Jessica condoned Susan’s underage alcohol use. David’s other concerns included

B.H.H.’s consumption of energy drinks, his grades, and his viewing pornography.

¶8. At the conclusion of David’s case, the chancery court rendered a bench opinion

temporarily granting custody of B.H.H. to David. The court found that there was an

“erosion” of the parental relationship between B.H.H. and David caused by Jessica, as well

as an “erosion” of B.H.H.’s lifestyle. David retained custody of B.H.H. for nearly two years

following the temporary order.

¶9. Subsequent to entering the temporary order, but before having rendered a final

judgment, the original chancellor recused from the case. The case was reassigned to a

different chancellor, who also recused. It was then reassigned to the trial judge who presided

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over the case to its conclusion.

¶10. After reviewing the entire extensive case file and conducting a thorough Albright

analysis, the chancery court held that it was in B.H.H.’s best interest to return to Jessica’s

custody.2 In the final judgment, the chancery court found (contrary to David’s allegations)

that Jessica actually attempted to dissuade Susan from having sex. When she was unable to

do so, Jessica arranged for Susan to start using birth control. Further, Jessica did not

condone Susan’s alcohol usage except while on a post-graduation cruise where she thought

it was acceptable for Susan to drink. The chancery court found that “Jessica did her best to

provide a proper moral upbringing for Susan, but that Susan chose to live as she does.”

Susan has since graduated high school with honors, earned her college degree, married, and

become a mother.

¶11. Importantly, the chancery court found that David had anger issues that severely

interfered with his parenting skills. The court found that both of David’s children were

afraid of him; he hit Jessica in front of B.H.H.; called B.H.H. a “sorry son” for not posting

a picture on social media of the skateboard David had given him; and broke B.H.H.’s phone

in a fit of anger.

¶12. The final judgment was filed on June 26, 2017. A revised judgment was filed two

days later and was entered on June 29, 2017. On July 10, 2017, David filed a motion to set

aside the revised judgment and/or for a new trial and a motion to stay the revised final

2
Albright v. Albright, 437 So. 2d 1003, 1005 (Miss. 1983).

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judgment pending appeal. The lower court found David’s motions to be untimely and

dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. David now appeals to this Court seeking relief.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶13. “This Court will not disturb a chancellor’s findings of fact when supported by

substantial evidence unless the [chancery court] abused [its] discretion, was manifestly

wrong, clearly erroneous, or an erroneous legal standard was applied.” Anderson v.

Anderson, 8 So. 3d 264, 267 (¶7) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009). “However, questions of law are

reviewed de novo.” Id.

DISCUSSION

I. There were no grounds to support a custody modification.

¶14. Previously, David—as the non-custodial parent—agreed to a custody and visitation

modification, allowing Jessica to retain sole custody. He now wishes to modify that agreed

order. The chancery court denied his motion for modification, and David requests this Court

to reverse the denial.

¶15. “It is important that children have as much stability as possible when their parents are

divorced.” Bowden v. Fayard, 355 So. 2d 662, 664 (Miss. 1978). “Once the court has

determined which parent should have custody of the children, then they should be allowed

the stabilizing influence of knowing where home is.” Id. However, there are occasions when

custody modification is necessary.

¶16. Mississippi utilizes a three-prong test to determine whether custody modification is

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warranted. First, there must be a material change in circumstances of the custodial parent.

Sheridan v. Cassidy, 273 So. 3d 783, 786 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App. 2018). The circumstances

presented for consideration must have arisen after the entry of the first custody order. Id.

The purpose of modification is not to allow a second bite at the apple by relitigating the same

facts. See id. The burden of proving the material change in circumstances falls on the party

seeking modification. McDonald v. McDonald, 39 So. 3d 868, 880 (¶37) (Miss. 2010).

¶17. Second, the moving party must show that the change in circumstances has an adverse

effect on the minor child. Sheridan, 273 So. 3d at 786 (¶10); Williams v. Willis, 49 So. 3d

122, 124 (¶7) (Miss. Ct. App. 2010) (“Any change in custody must be predicated on the

conduct of the custodial parent that poses a danger to the mental or emotional health of the

child.”).

¶18. Third, modification must be in the best interest of the minor child. Sheridan, 273 So.

3d at 786 (¶10). “In appeals from child-custody decisions, our polestar consideration, like

the [chancery court’s], must be the best interest of the child.” Lindsey v. Willard, 111 So. 3d

1260, 1264 (¶12) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013). Determination of the child’s best interest is based

on an application of the Albright factors to the facts of the case.3

A. The temporary order was not a final judgment.

¶19. David’s argument is predicated, in part, on the fact that the chancery court entered a

temporary order granting him custody of B.H.H. He reasons that because the chancery court

3
See supra note 2.

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ordered an immediate change in custody, it could not have reasonably declined to find a

change in circumstances adverse to B.H.H.’s best interest.4

¶20. “A temporary custody order is just that, temporary; it does not change the underlying

burden of proof.” Sanders v. Sanders, 281 So. 3d 1043, 1054 (¶43) (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

A determination one way for a temporary order does not require the same result in the

permanent order. “The [chancery court] must conduct an Albright analysis and decide the

issue of permanent custody de novo regardless of the temporary order.” Id. The temporary

order was entered after David had concluded his argument and was based strictly on evidence

he presented. At the time of the order, Jessica had not yet been given the opportunity to

present her case. The chancery court did not abuse its discretion when it entered a final

judgment different from the temporary order after all evidence had been presented.

B. The environment provided by Jessica is not adverse
to B.H.H.’s best interest.

¶21. David argues that evidence of an adverse effect on the child is not required and that

custody should be modified because the environment provided by Jessica was adverse to

B.H.H.’s interest. In support, David relies on Riley v. Doerner, 677 So. 2d 740 (Miss. 1996).

In that case, the Supreme Court held it was not necessary to prove an adverse effect in

circumstances where the child is in an inherently dangerous or unsuitable situation. Id. at

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This case truly started in 2014 when David filed his complaint for custody
modification. The final chancellor was assigned to the case in 2016. Following his
appointment, the chancellor thoroughly read the entire, lengthy record.

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744. “[W]hen the environment provided by the custodial parent is found to be adverse to the

child’s best interest, and that the circumstances of the non-custodial parent have changed

such that he or she is able to provide an environment more suitable than that of the custodial

parent, the [chancery court] may modify custody accordingly.” Id. For instance, “[e]vidence

that the home of the custodial parent is the site of dangerous and illegal behavior, such as

drug use, may be sufficient to justify a modification of custody, even without a specific

finding that such environment has adversely affected the child’s welfare.” Id.

¶22. This case is distinguishable from Riley. There, the court found that the mother’s

“frequent moves, a succession of live-in boyfriends, use of drugs, etc.” was inherently

adverse to the minor child’s best interest. Id. at 742. Here, David focuses on Susan’s alcohol

use and what he calls her “promiscuity.” David submits that B.H.H.’s sister’s conduct has

created an adverse environment for B.H.H. The chancery court made a factual finding that

this was not the case. Furthermore, Susan has since moved out, graduated college, married,

and become a mother. David has failed to show the chancery court was manifestly wrong

in this fact-finding.

¶23. The chancery court was within its discretion to find that David failed to prove that

there was a material change in circumstances following the agreed order or that B.H.H. was

in an inherently dangerous or unsuitable situation. Having failed to find grounds warranting

a modification of custody, there is no need to conduct a best-interest analysis under Albright.5

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David also argues the chancery court misapplied the facts in its Albright analysis.
The chancery court conducted a thorough review and application of the Albright factors to

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II. David’s post-trial motion is not time-barred.

¶24. David challenges the chancery court’s dismissal of his post-trial motions for being

untimely. He argues that the ten-day deadline to file should be calculated from the date of

the revised judgment. Jessica counters that because there were no substantial changes to the

revised judgment, the ten-day rule applies to the date of the initial final judgment. In support,

Jessica argues the general rule that “[a] final, appealable, judgment is one that adjudicates

the merits of the controversy which settles all issues as to all the parties and requires no

further action by the lower court.” Anderson, 8 So. 3d at 270 (¶18) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

¶25. But the present case can be distinguished from Anderson by one simple fact: the

chancery court in that case did not issue a revised final judgment. Id. “A final decree is one

that makes an end of the controversy, determines the costs, and leaves nothing further for the

court to act upon so far as the merits of the issues are concerned.” Burcham v. Estate of

Burcham, 303 So. 2d 476, 479 (Miss. 1974) (quoting Griffith, Mississippi Chancery Practice

§ 610, 650 (2d ed. 1950)). “[H]owever, when it is necessary to add or supply in a final

judgment what was omitted therefrom, the supplemental judgment is not supplemental at

all—it is itself the final judgment.” James W. Shelson, Mississippi Chancery Practice

§ 33:2, Westlaw (database updated June 2019).

this case despite not being required to do so. We find no error with the chancery court’s
application and findings.

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¶26. The revised judgment reset the clock on the ten-day deadline in Mississippi Rule of

Civil Procedure 59—it superseded the prior judgment. The revised judgment was filed on

June 28, 2017, which extended the deadline to July 8, 2017. Because July 8, 2017, fell on

a Saturday, the deadline tolled to the next business day—July 10, 2017. David filed his

motions on July 10, 2017. Therefore, David’s motions were timely.

¶27. David failed to demonstrate how his motion for reconsideration impacted the chancery

court’s decision. Further, because we have ruled on the merits of David’s motions, the issue

of timeliness is moot.

III. The first chancellor’s recusal was not an abuse of discretion.

¶28. David argues the original chancellor should not have recused himself. We review a

judge’s recusal for an abuse of discretion. Payton v. State, 937 So. 2d 462, 464 (¶6) (Miss.

Ct. App. 2006).

¶29. According to Jessica, the original chancellor had inappropriate contact with a member

of David’s family. David’s sister was a former court reporter for the original chancellor.

Both parties were aware of this and waived any conflict. During trial, the former court

reporter and her son visited the chancellor in his chambers. Even though nothing unethical

or improper took place during the visit, the chancellor found the best course of action to be

to recuse himself and alleviate any possible appearance of impropriety.

¶30. We cannot say that the original chancellor abused his discretion. Even though others

may have disagreed, it was within his discretion, upon the unique facts of this case, to recuse

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himself.

¶31. Every person who comes before a court is entitled to a fair and unbiased judge.

Steiner v. Steiner, 788 So. 2d 771, 775 (¶9) (Miss. 2001) (“A judge is required to disqualify

himself if a reasonable person, knowing all the circumstances, would harbor doubts about

his impartiality.”). We presume that “the judge, sworn to administer impartial justice, is

qualified and unbiased . . . .” Id. Here, the parties received a fair trial. The chancellor

presiding over the case did so objectively and without bias. Accordingly, there was no error,

and this issue is without merit.

IV. The monetary awards were proper.

¶32. David argues that the chancery court erred in making the monetary awards. The

chancery court found that David was entitled to a judgment from Jessica in the amount of

$4,760.98 in back child support and $528.80 for unreimbursed orthodontic expenses. The

court also found that Jessica was entitled to a judgment from David in the amount of

$3,545.86 for past medical expenses and clothing-related expenses.6

¶33. This Court will not disturb a chancellor’s monetary award unless it is manifestly

wrong, clearly erroneous, or if the chancellor applied an erroneous legal standard. Kelley v.

Day, 965 So. 2d 749, 754 (¶3) (Miss. Ct. App. 2007). We find no error in the chancery

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The chancery court’s final judgment had a blank for the final amount of the
judgment owed from David to Jessica. During the pendency of the appeal we ordered a
correction of the record under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 60(a). The chancery
court entered a second revised judgment correcting the clerical error.

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court’s award and affirm.

¶34. For the reasons discussed above, we affirm the chancery court’s custody determination

and monetary awards.

¶35. AFFIRMED.

BARNES, C.J., CARLTON AND J. WILSON, P.JJ., GREENLEE,
WESTBROOKS, McDONALD, LAWRENCE AND C. WILSON, JJ., CONCUR.
TINDELL, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

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