Provectus Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Rsm US LLP

Provectus Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. v. RSM US LLP, 2018 NCBC 100.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA IN THE GENERAL COURT OF JUSTICE
SUPERIOR COURT DIVISION
MECKLENBURG COUNTY 17 CVS 10396

PROVECTUS
BIOPHARMACEUTICALS, INC.,

Plaintiff,
ORDER AND OPINION ON
v. DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS

RSM US LLP f/k/a McGLADREY,
LLP,

Defendant.

1. THIS MATTER is before the Court upon Defendant RSM US LLP f/k/a

McGladrey, LLP’s (“RSM”) Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff Provectus

Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.’s (“Provectus”) Amended Complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) of

the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure (the “Motion”).

2. Having considered the Motion, the briefs and supplemental briefs in support

of and in opposition to the Motion, and the arguments of counsel at the hearing on

the Motion, the Court hereby GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the Motion.

Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz, PC, by Mark D.
Griffin, Lori H. Patterson, Matthew G. White, and R. Andrew
Hutchinson, and Erwin, Bishop, Capitano & Moss, P.A., by A. Todd
Capitano, for Plaintiff Provectus Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.

Williams & Connolly LLP, by Thomas H. Selby, Jessica Richard, and
Amy B. McKinlay, and Poyner Spruill LLP, by Karen H. Chapman,
Cynthia L. Van Horne, and Lee A. Spinks, for Defendant RSM US LLP
f/k/a McGladrey LLP.

Bledsoe, Chief Judge.
I.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

3. The Court does not make findings of fact when ruling on a motion to dismiss

under Rule 12(b)(6). See, e.g., Concrete Serv. Corp. v. Inv’rs Grp., Inc., 79 N.C. App.

678, 681, 340 S.E.2d 755, 758 (1986). Rather, the Court recites the relevant

allegations in the pleading asserting the challenged claims—here, Provectus’s

Amended Complaint.

4. Provectus is a publicly traded, development-stage biotechnology company

with its principal place of business in Knoxville, Tennessee. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 14,

ECF No. 24.) Provectus was founded in 2002 and focuses on developing drugs for

certain cancers and skin conditions. (Am. Compl. ¶ 19.) At all relevant times,

Provectus had four employees. (Am. Compl. ¶ 20.)

5. Defendant RSM is an Iowa limited liability partnership with its principal

place of business in Illinois. (Am. Compl. ¶ 15.) RSM is the United States-based firm

within RSM International, a global network of independent audit, tax, and consulting

firms. (Am. Compl. ¶ 15.) RSM holds itself out as a leading provider of auditing, tax,

wealth management, and consulting services. (Am. Compl. ¶ 15.) RSM is registered

to conduct business in North Carolina and conducted its primary services at issue

here through its North Carolina offices and personnel. (Am. Compl. ¶ 15.)

6. The present dispute between these two companies involves Provectus’s

contention that two of its executives received millions of dollars in wrongful
reimbursement payments as the result of intentional, willful, or negligent actions

RSM took in the course of providing accounting or auditing services to Provectus.

7. In 2007, RSM approached Provectus, marketing itself as a “one-stop

resource for all of Provectus’s accounting and financial needs.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 21.)

Provectus decided to hire RSM because, with only four employees, Provectus lacked

the internal resources or ability to manage and monitor its own financial and

accounting systems. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 20, 22.)

8. Beginning in 2007 and continuing through early 2016, RSM maintained

three separate engagements with Provectus. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 2–3.) The different

engagements can be summarized as follows:

(1) An outsourcing engagement, under which RSM provided comprehensive
accounting services, human resources services, related technology services,
and business consulting services;

(2) An engagement for review of [Provectus’s] financial statements, under
which RSM advised on Form 10-K and Form 10-Q reporting requirements,
reviewed financial statements for compliance with SEC rules and
regulations, advised on specific footnote disclosures, advised on various
technical accounting matters, and assisted with responding to the SEC on
any comment letters relating to technical accounting matters; and

(3) An engagement to provide internal audit and Sarbanes-Oxley (“SOX”)
compliance services, under which RSM directed [Provectus’s] compliance
with SOX Section 404, including the utilization of integrated risk
management services to plan and conduct a Committee of Sponsoring
Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) evaluation, to design
and assess the effectiveness of [Provectus’s] internal controls, and to assess
operating effectiveness of [Provectus’s] internal controls.

(Am. Compl. ¶¶ 2, 22.) As a result of these engagements, Provectus alleges that RSM

had “direct access to and day-to-day control over every aspect of Provectus’s financial
and accounting systems from 2007 until early 2016, including complete control over

the management of [Provectus’s] general ledger.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 23.)

9. As a particular part of its duties connected to its SOX compliance services

“RSM developed, drafted, reviewed, and commented on the development of

Provectus’s internal controls environment, including Provectus’s Purchase to Pay

Process [Narrative].” (Am. Compl. ¶ 29.) This Purchase to Pay Process Narrative

dealt with “the processes and responsibilities for reviewing, processing, and

approving [Provectus] expenditures.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 30.) These expenditures

included advances and reimbursements for travel and entertainment (“T&E”)

expenses incurred by Provectus employees. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 30–35.)

10. Under the Purchase to Pay Process Narrative, Provectus employees could

receive wire transfer advances to cover future travel costs purportedly associated

with Provectus. (Am. Compl. ¶ 49.) The process for advancing and documenting

these wire transfers required the approval of key Provectus personnel:

The CFO determines the need for a wire and completes the Wire Backup
Form. This form is then signed by 2 of the 3 [Provectus] founders and the
form is faxed to the bank for completion. The Wire Backup Form is attached
to the Bank Confirmation and the CFO prepares the journal entry to record
the transaction and forwards to [RSM] for posting. In addition, a copy of the
transaction is given to the [Bible Harris Smith PC (“BHS”)] staff member to
make sure it is included properly on the reconciliation and processed in
QuickBooks.1

1 BHS was a CPA firm “retained by Provectus to provide data processing assistance within
the accounting department and to prepare Provectus’s Federal Income Tax Returns.” (Am.
Compl. 10 n.2.)
(Am. Compl. ¶ 35.) As part of this process, RSM received the advance requests and

the necessary officer approval for the wire transfers. (Am. Compl. ¶ 49.)

11. The Purchase to Pay Process Narrative also allowed Provectus employees

to be reimbursed for legitimate business expenses. (Am. Compl. ¶ 49.) This process

worked as follows:

Each employee prepares an itemized listing of expenses, attaches the support
for each item and signs. This Expense Report is then forwarded through the
CFO to the BHS Staff member who reviews the document for accuracy and
completeness of backup and amounts. If there are problems these are
discussed and resolved with the applicable employee and once final, they are
signed off by the BHS staff and process[ed] as any other invoice.

(Am. Compl. ¶ 31.) As part of the reimbursement process, RSM received an expense

reimbursement request and any paperwork submitted therewith. (Am. Compl. ¶ 49.)

12. The degree to which the T&E advances and reimbursement processes were

followed allegedly changed over time. Prior to 2011, RSM requested, sampled, and

tested T&E expense reports and received back-up documentation to support T&E

expense payments. (Am. Compl. ¶ 60.) Beginning in 2011, however, RSM stopped

receiving back-up documentation to show that the funds transferred to Provectus

employees were actually used for company-related travel or other legitimate business

purposes. (Am. Compl. ¶ 50.)

13. As another part of RSM’s SOX engagement, RSM also issued quarterly and

annual reports regarding RSM’s control monitoring. (Am. Compl. ¶ 38.) To perform

these services, RSM sampled Provectus’s expense payments, including

reimbursements for T&E expenses. (Am. Compl. ¶ 39.) For the majority of the

parties’ engagement, RSM represented that it had identified no material weaknesses
in Provectus’s internal controls. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 55, 63–75.) In February 2016,

however, RSM issued a report acknowledging that certain aspects of Provectus’s

internal controls were materially deficient. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 38, 54, 66–76.) Provectus

now alleges that such weaknesses existed well before that time and that these

weaknesses greatly harmed Provectus.

14. Between 2011 and 2016, Provectus’s CEO, Dr. Craig Dees (“Dees”), received

approximately $3.2 million in advances for T&E expenses. (Am. Compl. ¶ 7.) Dees

did not substantiate these advances. (Am. Compl. ¶ 11.) Provectus’s COO and CFO,

Peter Culpepper (“Culpepper”), also received between $300,000 and $1.4 million in

T&E reimbursements without providing adequate documentation. (Am. Compl. ¶ 7.)

Provectus alleges that Dees and Culpepper never actually incurred any T&E

expenses associated with these payments and were instead siphoning money from

Provectus for their own gain. (Am. Compl. ¶ 11.)

15. Provectus contends that RSM bears responsibility for Dees’s and

Culpepper’s wrongful advances and reimbursements. Provectus alleges that RSM (i)

failed to design and implement satisfactory internal controls to prevent the payment

of advances and reimbursements for illegitimate purposes, (Am. Compl. ¶ 60), (ii)

knew of the nature and frequency of these T&E advances and reimbursements but

never requested further document support from Provectus to validate whether

Provectus funds had been used for legitimate business purposes, (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 8,

46), and (iii) continually made negligent and/or intentional misrepresentations to

Provectus concerning the adequacy of Provectus’s internal controls, Provectus’s
finances, and RSM’s own sampling through RSM’s quarterly and annual reports,

(Am. Compl. ¶ 61). In total, Provectus avers that RSM’s failures and

misrepresentations permitted Dees and Culpepper to loot Provectus of almost $4

million. (Am. Compl. ¶ 136.)

16. Provectus further alleges that in addition to suffering harm as a result of

RSM’s failure to provide proper SOX consulting services, Provectus is now facing

problems due to other services RSM provided. As part of these other services, RSM

recorded advance payments from Provectus’s research and development (“R&D”)

account to vendors who conducted clinical trial testing of Provectus’s products as part

of the approval process sanctioned by the Food and Drug Administration. (Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 77–78, 81–82.) Provectus alleges that “RSM utterly failed in its accounting

and testing to determine which payments to vendors were still advanced payments

and which had actually been billed against Provectus’s account in respect to each

individual vendor.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 83.) Provectus further avers that its newly

retained accountants and auditors have discovered other material weaknesses in

Provectus’s controls over financial reporting. (Am. Compl. ¶ 86.) Provectus claims

that RSM’s failures with regard to the R&D account and Provectus’s financial

reporting “pose the threat of being considered material as related to Provectus’s

financial statement reporting requirements,” and that Provectus’s new internal and

external auditors are now investigating all of Provectus’s advance payments from

prior years due to RSM’s conduct. (Am. Compl. ¶ 88.)
II.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

17. Provectus filed its Complaint in this action on June 9, 2017 and

subsequently filed an Amended Complaint on September 18, 2017. The Amended

Complaint asserts claims against RSM for negligence, gross negligence, professional

malpractice, negligent misrepresentation, intentional misrepresentation, fraudulent

concealment, breach of contract, and breach of fiduciary duty.

18. On October 23, 2017, RSM filed the Motion, seeking dismissal of all claims

under Rule 12(b)(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. RSM also filed a

supporting brief to which it attached a series of writings (the “Engagement Letters”)

that are signed by Provectus and memorialize RSM’s SOX compliance services

engagement with Provectus. (Def.’s Br. Supp. Mot. Dismiss Ex. A, at 6, 16, 26, 36,

45, 54, 62 [hereinafter “Engagement Letters”], ECF No. 32.) These letters are

referenced in Provectus’s Amended Complaint, (E.g., Am. Compl. ¶ 42 (Provectus

entrusted RSM to perform its internal audit services . . . in accordance with the

engagement letters)), and Provectus has relied upon their contents in its briefing.

(Pl.’s Resp. Opp’n Mot. Dismiss 18, ECF No. 37.)

19. The Court held a hearing on the Motion on December 19, 2017. Thereafter,

the Court permitted supplemental briefing on certain issues raised at the December

19 hearing. That briefing was completed on January 16, 2018. The Motion is now

ripe for resolution.
III.

LEGAL STANDARD

20. In ruling on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the North Carolina

Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court’s inquiry is “whether, as a matter of law, the

allegations of the complaint, treated as true, are sufficient to state a claim upon which

relief may be granted under some legal theory[.]” Harris v. NCNB Nat’l Bank of N.C.,

85 N.C. App. 669, 670, 355 S.E.2d 838, 840 (1987) (citing Stanback v. Stanback, 297

N.C. 181, 185, 254 S.E.2d 611, 615 (1979)).

21. The Court will not grant a motion to dismiss “unless it appears to a

certainty that plaintiff is entitled to no relief under any state of facts which could be

proved in support of the claim.” Sutton v. Duke, 277 N.C. 94, 103, 176 S.E.2d 161,

166 (1970) (emphasis omitted). Therefore, dismissal of a claim pursuant to Rule

12(b)(6) is only proper “(1) when the complaint on its face reveals that no law supports

[the] claim; (2) when the complaint reveals on its face the absence of fact sufficient to

make a good claim; [or] (3) when some fact disclosed in the complaint necessarily

defeats the . . . claim.” Oates v. JAG, Inc., 314 N.C. 276, 278, 333 S.E.2d 222, 224

(1985).

22. The Court construes the allegations in the pleading “in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party.” Christenbury Eye Ctr., P.A. v. Medflow, Inc., 370

N.C. 1, 5, 802 S.E.2d 888, 891 (2017). The Court is not, however, required “to accept

as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or

unreasonable inferences.” Good Hope Hosp., Inc. v. N.C. Dep’t of Health & Human
Servs., 174 N.C. App. 266, 274, 620 S.E.2d 873, 880 (2005); see also McCrann v.

Pinehurst, LLC, 225 N.C. App. 368, 377, 737 S.E.2d 771, 777 (2013). The Court may

also reject allegations “that are contradicted by the documents attached, specifically

referred to, or incorporated by reference in the complaint.” Laster v. Francis, 199

N.C. App. 572, 577, 681 S.E.2d 858, 862 (2009). This includes consideration of “the

contract which [is] the subject of the action and [is] specifically referred to in the

complaint.” Coley v. N.C. Nat’l Bank, 41 N.C. App. 121, 126, 254 S.E.2d 217, 220

(1979).

IV.

LEGAL ANALYSIS

23. RSM’s Motion challenges Provectus’s claims on several grounds, arguing

that (i) the claims are time-barred under the terms of the Engagement Letters, (ii)

Provectus’s own negligence bars Provectus’s negligence-based claims, (iii) Provectus

has not stated a claim for breach of fiduciary duty, (iv) the economic loss rule bars

Provectus’s tort claims, (v) Provectus cannot show that its reliance on alleged

misrepresentations was reasonable, (vi) Provectus has not met the requirements of

Rule 9(b) in pleading its fraud-based claims, and (vii) Provectus is barred from

seeking consequential and punitive damages under the terms of the Engagement

Letters.

24. The Court begins by examining the timeliness of Provectus’s claims before

addressing RSM’s various arguments specifically against Provectus’s tort claims and

the availability of consequential and punitive damages.
A. Limitations Period for Provectus’s Claims

25. Dismissal of a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate “if it appears on the

face of the complaint” that the statute of limitations bars the claim. Shepard v. Ocwen

Fed. Bank, FSB, 361 N.C. 137, 139, 638 S.E.2d 197, 199 (2006).2 “Once a defendant

raises a statute of limitations defense, the burden of showing that the action was

instituted within the prescribed period [rests] on the plaintiff. A plaintiff sustains

this burden by showing that the relevant statute of limitations has not expired.” Id.

26. Similarly, where a statute does not prohibit a shorter limitations period,

North Carolina courts generally uphold contractual provisions limiting the time

period for bringing an action on a contract. See Horne-Wilson, Inc. v. Nat’l Sur. Co.,

202 N.C. 73, 74–75, 161 S.E. 726, 726 (1932) (holding plaintiff could not pursue action

on a bond outside the twelve-month limitations period provided for by the bond’s

terms); Beard v. Sovereign Lodge of Woodmen of the World, 184 N.C. 154, 157, 113

S.E. 661, 662 (1922) (“[T]he time limited is not a statute of limitation, but a contract

which imposes a restriction upon the right of action by definitely fixing the period

within which the plaintiff must assert his rights, and . . . a failure to comply with

such requirement works not only a denial of the plaintiff’s remedy, but a forfeiture of

2 After an opportunity to fully brief the issue, both sides agree that North Carolina law
governs Provectus’s claims. Based on the allegations in the Amended Complaint, the Court
agrees and concludes that North Carolina law applies to Provectus’s claims for purposes of
this Motion. See Torres v. McClain, 140 N.C. App. 238, 241, 535 S.E.2d 623, 625 (2000);
KLATMW, Inc. v. Elec. Sys. Prot., Inc., 2011 NCBC LEXIS 12, at *46 (N.C. Super. Ct. May 2,
2011); cf. Schwarz v. St. Jude Med., Inc., 802 S.E.2d 782, 788 (N.C. Ct. App. 2017) (holding
broadly worded forum-selection clause applied to contract and noncontract claims). The
Court reserves the right to alter this conclusion in later motion practice and at trial should
the developing record require the Court to revisit the issue.
his right to enforce the defendant’s obligation.”); Heilig v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 152

N.C. 358, 359–60, 67 S.E. 927, 928 (1910) (noting North Carolina courts enforce terms

within insurance policies that limit “the time in which actions to recover the loss

covered by the policies can be begun”).

27. There is some support for allowing parties to contractually limit their time

to bring other claims as well, but the Court’s research has disclosed no published

North Carolina decision squarely addressing the issue. See Steele v. Safeco Ins. Co.

of Am., No. COA12-266, 2012 N.C. App. LEXIS 1274, at *7–8 (N.C. Ct. App. Nov. 20,

2012) (concluding that a one-year contractual limitation for the commencement of an

action was reasonable and enforceable as to an unfair or deceptive trade practices

claim); see also Badgett v. Fed. Express Corp., 378 F. Supp. 2d 613, 622–23 (M.D.N.C.

2005) (holding a contractual limitation for the time to bring an emotional distress

claim valid under federal and North Carolina law).

28. RSM argues that all of Provectus’s claims are time-barred because the

Engagement Letters contained limitations clauses that provided “[a]ny action against

either party by the other in connection with this Agreement must be brought within

eighteen (18) months after the cause of action arises.” (Def.’s Br. Supp. Mot. Dismiss

7, ECF No. 31; see Engagement Letters 10, 19, 29, 39, 48, 56.) RSM also argues that

the accrual scheme of N.C. Gen. Stat. 1-15(c) applies to all of Provectus’s claims and

that the last act giving rise to Provectus’s claims occurred in October 2015.

Combining the proffered eighteen-month limitations period and the October 2015

accrual date, RSM asserts that Provectus’s Complaint, filed June 9, 2017, was
untimely because “[a]ll of Provectus’s claims stem from the SOX compliance services

that RSM provided pursuant to the annually-executed [E]ngagement [L]etters.”

(Def.’s Br. Supp. Mot. Dismiss 8.)

29. Provectus counters by alleging that the last act giving rise to Provectus’s

claims occurred in February 2016. Provectus also argues that the Engagement

Letters’ limitations clauses do not apply to its tort-based claims and that RSM is

equitably estopped from asserting a limitations defense.

30. Before proceeding, the Court notes that RSM’s characterization of the scope

of the Engagement Letters appears problematic. The Engagement Letters before the

Court address only RSM’s “Quarterly Control Monitoring and [SOX] consulting

engagements” with Provectus. (E.g., Engagement Letters 1.) While a large part of

Provectus’s allegations do appear to stem from RSM’s contractual agreement to

provide these services, Provectus has also alleged that the parties entered into

separate engagements for, among other things, (1) “comprehensive accounting

services” and (2) the “review of [Provectus’s] financial statements.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 2.)

For purposes of RSM’s limitations period argument, however, this distinction is not

material because even if the Engagement Letters’ eighteen-month limitations period

was intended to apply to all of RSM’s engagements, the allegations in the Amended

Complaint allow all of Provectus’s examined claims to survive.

31. The parties’ arguments present the Court with four questions to address:

first, what statute of limitations would ordinarily govern each of Provectus’s claims;

second, whether the shortened limitations period in the Engagement Letters is
enforceable as to each of Provectus’s claims; third, whether each claim is timely under

the applicable accrual scheme and limitations period; and fourth, to the extent the

Court concludes Provectus’s claims are time-barred, whether the doctrine of equitable

estoppel prevents RSM from asserting a limitations defense. The Court examines

these questions with respect to each of Provectus’s claims, with the exception of

breach of fiduciary duty, which the Court deals with subsequently.

1. Professional Malpractice, Breach of Contract, and Negligence

32. For several of Provectus’s claims, there is little question as to what statute

of limitations applies. Claims for professional malpractice are generally subject to a

three-year statute of limitations under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-15(c). Babb v. Hoskins,

223 N.C. App. 103, 107, 733 S.E.2d 881, 884 (2012). Section 1-15(c) also governs

“claims arising out of the performance of or failure to perform professional services

based on negligence or breach of contract.” Sharp v. Teague, 113 N.C. App. 589, 592,

439 S.E.2d 792, 794 (1994) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Bader v.

Kurdys, No. 1:16-CV-00294, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 141893, at *3 (W.D.N.C. Sept. 1,

2017) (noting that under North Carolina law “claims for negligence or breach of

contract that arise from allegations around the failure to perform professional

services” are governed by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-15(c)). Thus, notwithstanding possible

modification by the Engagement Letters, Provectus’s claims for malpractice, breach

of contract, and negligence are governed by section 1-15(c).

33. Next, in looking at the applicable limitations period in which Provectus was

required to bring its claims for malpractice, breach of contract, and negligence, the
Court concludes it need not reach the issue of whether the Engagement Letters’

eighteen-month limitation period is enforceable or whether the three-year period

provided by section 1-15(c) applies because the claims are timely under either

framework.

34. The limitations period to bring causes of action governed by section 1-15(c)

“begins to run from defendant’s last act giving rise to the claim or from substantial

completion of some service rendered by defendant.” Harrold v. Dowd, 149 N.C. App.

777, 781, 561 S.E.2d 914, 917 (2002). “To determine when the last act occurred,

[courts] consider the contractual relationship between the parties and when the

contracted-for services were completed.” Head v. Gould Killian CPA Grp., P.A., 812

S.E.2d 831, 838 (N.C. 2018). The key question here is thus when RSM carried out

the last act giving rise to Provectus’s malpractice, breach of contract, and negligence

claims.

35. Provectus filed its Complaint on June 9, 2017, rendering claims that arose

more than eighteen months prior to that date—i.e., before December 9, 2015—time-

barred under the more restrictive limitations period provided by the Engagement

Letters. RSM contends that the last act giving rise to Provectus’s claims occurred

either on October 27, 2015—the date RSM asserts it issued its final report to

Provectus that allegedly contained negligently or intentionally misleading

information about Provectus’s expense-related internal controls—or in November

2015—when RSM contends it informed Provectus that it had questions about

Provectus’s advancements and reimbursements. RSM also argues that each
Engagement Letter constituted a separate agreement and that claims related to all

but the most-recent Engagement Letter should be considered time-barred.

36. In contrast, Provectus contends that RSM’s last act was in February 2016,

when RSM first issued a report acknowledging any failures with Provectus’s internal

controls. Provectus relies upon its allegation that RSM continuously failed to

“adequately develop and review Provectus’s internal controls over financial

reporting” up until this time to support its contention that February 2016 was the

date of the last act giving rise to its claims. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 76, 192.)

37. Addressing RSM’s arguments, the documents RSM proffers to support its

assertion that RSM’s last act occurred in October or November 2015 are of limited

potency on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Even if considered, this evidence does not

definitively prove RSM’s “last act” occurred before December 9, 2015 when the

Amended Complaint’s allegations are viewed in the light most favorable to Provectus.

Further, on the facts pleaded, the Court cannot agree with RSM that each

Engagement Letter represents a distinct agreement.

38. First, the parties debate whether the Court may consider the October 2015

report offered by RSM at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage. See N.C. R. Civ. P. 12(b); Laster,

199 N.C. App. at 577, 681 S.E.2d at 862. The Court need not decide that issue. Even

if the Court were to consider the October 2015 report, the report in no way indicates

that it was the last act giving rise to Provectus’s claims. In fact, the report is

identified as the “Q3 Control Monitoring Report,” (Def.’s Br. Supp. Mot. Dismiss Ex.

C, at 1, ECF No. 32), suggesting that RSM had yet to make the final allegedly
misleading Quarterly Control Monitoring Report for 2015. (See Am. Comp. ¶¶ 75–

76.) In short, the October 2015 report’s date does not “contradict” the allegations in

the Amended Complaint, Laster, 199 N.C. App. at 577, 681 S.E.2d at 862, and does

not disclose a fact that necessarily defeats Provectus’s claim when considered against

the four corners of the Amended Complaint, Oates, 314 N.C. at 278, 333 S.E.2d at

224.

39. Second, for support that its last act occurred no later than November 2015,

RSM cites to a complaint filed by Provectus against BHS in Tennessee state court

(the “BHS Complaint”). The BHS Complaint alleges that “[i]n November 2015,

Provectus was advised by its internal auditor, [RSM], that RSM had questions

regarding advanced funds for expenses, reimbursements for expenses, and receipts

for expenses, that were incurred by [Provectus’s] now-former CEO, [Dees].” (Def.’s

Br. Supp. Mot. Dismiss Ex. B, at 5, ECF No. 32.) Even if the Court were to take

judicial notice of this allegation, Zloop, Inc. v. Parker Poe Adams & Bernstein, LLP,

2018 NCBC LEXIS 16, at *14 (N.C. Super. Ct. Feb. 16, 2018) (“Courts may in their

discretion take judicial notice of court filings made in other jurisdictions.”), that RSM

communicated to Provectus that it had questions about Dees’s expenses in November

2015 does not, when viewed in the light most favorable to Provectus, conclusively

determine that RSM’s last act or substantial completion of services giving rise to

Provectus’s claims occurred at that time.

40. Finally, the Engagement Letters outlining RSM’s engagement with

Provectus do not, on their face, clearly create the compartmentalized series of
agreements RSM postulates. For one thing, while both parties describe the

Engagement Letters as annual agreements, none of the Engagement Letters

presented to the Court contain a stated duration or term providing for only one year’s

worth of services. To the contrary, the Engagement Letters appear to contemplate

continuing services provided by RSM, such as “[o]ngoing internal controls

monitoring.” (Engagement Letters 60.) The letters also appear to have been signed

at varying intervals—the first letter is dated January 9, 2007; the second August 19,

2009; the third June 28, 2011; the fourth March 12, 2012, (Engagement Letters 31,

41, 50, 57)—and all but the first letter provide that they are meant to “supersede all

prior oral and written communications” between the parties “and may be amended,

modified or changed . . . in writing when signed by both parties,” (Engagement

Letters 7, 17, 27, 37, 46, 55).

41. The Court does not believe that these provisions, or what the Court may

discern about the circumstances surrounding each Engagement Letter under the

limitations of Rule 12(b)(6), allow the Court to conclude as a matter of law that the

Engagement Letters constitute separate agreements, each with their own limitations

period, at this stage of the proceedings. See Fulghum v. Selma, 238 N.C. 100, 104, 76

S.E.2d 368, 370 (1953) (“Where the parties to a contract calling for a continuing

performance fix no time for its duration and none can be implied from the nature of

the contract or from the surrounding circumstances, the contract is terminable at will

by either party on reasonable notice to the other.”); see also Electro Lift, Inc. v. Miller

Equip. Co., 4 N.C. App. 203, 207, 166 S.E.2d 454, 456 (1969) (“Parties to
a contract may, by mutual consent, agree to change its terms.”); cf. Williamson v.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 872 N.E.2d 842, 847 (N.Y. 2007) (holding claims on

some of plaintiff’s annual engagements with an auditor were time-barred under New

York’s applicable statute of limitations where each agreement was for “separate and

discrete audit services” for plaintiff’s year-end financial statements and did not

contemplate further work).

42. Instead, viewing Provectus’s allegations as proven and looking at the

contractual relationship between the parties as pleaded, the duration of the parties’

engagement, and when the alleged mistakes could no longer be remedied, as well as

the negligence and contractual breach alleged, the Court finds that a factfinder could

reasonably conclude that RSM’s last act occurred in early 2016. The Amended

Complaint alleges that the engagements between Provectus and RSM lasted at least

until February 2016. Under the terms of that relationship, RSM was to assist

Provectus, “as requested, in the development and implementation” of an “ongoing

internal audit plan” and ongoing monitoring. (Engagement Letters 2–3.) RSM

warranted that its services would be performed “with reasonable care in a diligent

and competent manner.” (Engagement Letters 7.) Provectus’s claims for malpractice,

negligence, and breach of contract are based, in part, on allegations that RSM

continuously failed to properly implement or monitor Provectus’s internal controls

and that RSM’s failure to meet its ongoing obligations allowed Dees and Culpepper
to receive improper fund transfers through at least the beginning of 2016. (Am.

Compl. ¶ 7.)

43. Based on these allegations, the Court concludes that Provectus has

sufficiently alleged facts showing that RSM’s last act giving rise to Provectus’s

malpractice, negligence, and breach of contract claims occurred after December 9,

2015. Compare Sunbow Indus., Inc. v. London, 58 N.C. App. 751, 753, 294 S.E.2d

409, 410 (1982) (attorney’s contracted-for services imposed a duty to represent

plaintiff during closing and continuing duty to perfect plaintiff’s security interest),

with Hargett v. Holland, 337 N.C. 651, 655–56, 447 S.E.2d 784, 788 (1994) (holding

the last act or completion of services by attorney occurred when attorney supervised

the execution of a will and the contract with the attorney’s client did not impose a

continuing obligation to review or correct the will). See generally Head, 812 S.E.2d

at 838 (discussing both Sunbow and Hargett for purposes of determining when a

cause of action accrues under N.C. Gen. Stat. 1-15(c)). The claims are thus timely

under the limitations periods provided by either the Engagement Letters or section

1-15(c).

44. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Provectus’s claims for malpractice,

negligence, and breach of contract will not be dismissed on limitation period grounds

at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage. This decision does not preclude RSM from raising a statute

of limitations defense as the factual record develops. In light of this conclusion, the
Court need not address Provectus’s equitable estoppel argument with respect to these

claims.3

2. Negligent Misrepresentation

45. Determining which statute of limitations applies to Provectus’s claim for

negligent misrepresentation and whether the eighteen-month limitation period in the

Engagement Letters is enforceable against this claim is more difficult.

46. Our appellate courts have previously held that the three-year statute of

limitations provided by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(5) applies to claims for negligent

misrepresentation. Guyton v. FM Lending Servs., 199 N.C. App. 30, 35, 681 S.E.2d

465, 470 (2009). These courts have also agreed that “[a] claim for negligent

misrepresentation does not accrue until two events occur: first, the claimant suffers

harm because of the misrepresentation, and second, the claimant discovers the

misrepresentation.” Id. at 35, 681 S.E.2d at 470–71 (internal quotation marks

omitted). The Supreme Court of North Carolina has, however, alluded to the

possibility that a claim for negligent misrepresentation may be brought into the fold

of section 1-15(c) in certain circumstances. Barger v. McCoy Hillard & Parks, 346

N.C. 650, 665, 488 S.E.2d 215, 223–24 (1997).

3 RSM also contends that if the Court determines section 1-15(c) applies to any of Provectus’s
claims, the four-year statute of repose in section 1-15(c) bars all of Provectus’s claims that
accrued prior to June 2013. Section 1-15(c)’s statute of repose beings to run “from the last
act of the defendant giving rise to the” malpractice action. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-15(c). Because
the Court concludes that Provectus has pleaded facts that, when taken in the light most
favorable to Provectus, allow for the conclusion that the last act giving rise to Provectus’s
claims governed by section 1-15(c) occurred after December 9, 2015, section 1-15(c)’s four-
year statute of repose will not bar those claims at this stage of the case.
47. In Barger, our Supreme Court noted that it had never expressly addressed

“whether . . . a negligent misrepresentation claim would be tantamount to a

professional malpractice claim for purposes of determining the appropriate statute of

limitations.” Id. at 665, 488 S.E.2d at 223. Faced with the question of what statute

of limitations governed a claim for negligent misrepresentation by a non-client

against an accounting firm, the court examined the language of section 1-15(c). Id.

The court observed that section 1-15(c) applies to causes of action arising from a

party’s rendering of “professional services.” Id.; see also N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-15(c).

Professional services, the court reasoned, “refers to those services where a

professional relationship exists between plaintiff and defendant—such as a

physician-patient or attorney-client relationship.” Barger, 346 N.C. at 665, 488

S.E.2d at 223 (internal quotation marks omitted). Because no such professional

relationship existed between the parties in Barger, the court concluded that section

1-15(c) did not govern the claim for negligent misrepresentation. Id. at 665, 488

S.E.2d at 223– 24 (“In the absence of a professional relationship between the parties,

this claim cannot fall under the professional malpractice statute of limitations.”).

48. If the preeminent factor preventing section 1-15(c) from applying to a claim

for negligent misrepresentation in Barger was the lack of a professional relationship,

then here, where such a relationship is alleged to exist, see Head v. Gould Killian

CPA Grp., P.A., 795 S.E.2d 142, 149 (N.C. Ct. App. 2016) (holding evidence and

allegations sufficient to support a client’s claim for professional malpractice against

accountants), aff’d in part and rev’d in part on other grounds, 812 S.E.2d 831 (N.C.
2018), it stands to reason that Provectus’s negligent misrepresentation claim is

“tantamount to a professional malpractice claim for purposes of determining the

appropriate statute of limitations.” See Barger, 346 N.C. at 665, 488 S.E.2d at 223.

The facts alleged here show that an accountant-client or auditor-client relationship

existed between Provectus and RSM, and Provectus’s claim arises from alleged

negligence in RSM’s provision of professional services. Accordingly, the Court

concludes that section 1-15(c) applies to Provectus’s claim for negligent

misrepresentation.

49. Having so concluded, the Court next concludes it need not reach the issue of

whether the limitations period of the Engagement Letters or section 1-15(c) applies

to Provectus’s negligent misrepresentation claim because the claim is timely under

either framework.

50. Under North Carolina law, omissions do not serve as a basis for a negligent

misrepresentation claim. Carmayer, LLC v. Koury Aviation, Inc., 2017 NCBC LEXIS

82, at *38 (N.C. Super. Ct. Sept. 11, 2017); DeGorter v. Capitol Wealth, Inc., 2016

NCBC LEXIS 44, at *26 n.2 (N.C. Super. Ct. May 31, 2016). Here, this rule means

that the last act giving rise to Provectus’s claim for negligent misrepresentation must

have been an actual misrepresentation by RSM, not simply a failure to correct an

earlier misrepresentation. See Carmayer, LLC, 2017 NCBC LEXIS 82, at *38.

51. RSM argues that the last act giving rise to Provectus’s claim for negligent

misrepresentation occurred in October 2015, when RSM tendered the already

discussed October 2015 report. As stated above, however, the October 2015 report
does not definitively establish that it was the last source of the alleged

misrepresentations. Provectus avers that the 2015 Quarterly Control Monitoring

Reports contained false or misleading information and that it was not until the 2015

annual report in February 2016 that RSM revealed the problems with Provectus’s

internal controls. (See Am. Comp. ¶¶ 75–76.) Therefore, viewing the alleged facts in

the light most favorable to Provectus, the Court must acknowledge that RSM likely

made its last allegedly misleading statement to Provectus on some date after the

October 2015 Q3 report was issued and possibly after December 9, 2015. As stated

previously, the October 2015 report does not “contradict” the allegations in the

Amended Complaint, Laster, 199 N.C. App. at 577, 681 S.E.2d at 862, nor does it

disclose a fact that necessarily defeats Provectus’s claim when the Court considers

the report against the four corners of the Amended Complaint, Oates, 314 N.C. at

278, 333 S.E.2d at 224. Consequently, Provectus’s claim for negligent

misrepresentation will not be dismissed on limitations period grounds at the motion

to dismiss stage of this case. This decision does not prevent RSM from raising a

statute of limitations defense as the factual record develops.

3. Intentional Misrepresentation and Fraudulent Concealment

52. Fraud by a professional is not within the scope of section 1-15(c). Sharp,

113 N.C. App. at 592, 439 S.E.2d at 794. Provectus’s claims for intentional

misrepresentation and fraudulent concealment thus fall under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-

52(9). See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(9).
53. The Court need not decide whether the Engagement Letters’ eighteen-

month limitation period is enforceable as to Provectus’s fraud-based claims because

the claims are timely even if the shorter eighteen-month period applies.

54. Claims for fraud generally accrue at the time of discovery, “regardless of the

length of time between the fraudulent act or mistake and plaintiff’s discovery of it.”

Birtha v. Stonemor, N.C., LLC, 220 N.C. App. 286, 297, 727 S.E.2d 1, 9 (2012).

“[D]iscovery means either actual discovery or when the fraud should have been

discovered in the exercise of reasonable diligence.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted).

55. RSM contends that Provectus discovered the basis for its intentional

misrepresentation and fraudulent concealment claims in November 2015 by again

citing the BHS Complaint. According to RSM, Provectus should have discovered its

employees’ fraud after learning “RSM had questions regarding advanced funds for

expenses, reimbursements for expenses, and receipts for expenses, that were incurred

by” Dees. (Def.’s Br. Supp. Mot. Dismiss Ex. B, at 5.) Because Provectus brought its

fraud claims more than eighteen months after November 2015, RSM argues both

fraud claims are untimely.

56. Here too, however, even if the Court were to take judicial notice of the

allegations in the BHS Complaint, the cited language does not contradict or otherwise

undermine Provectus’s allegation in this litigation that Provectus did not discover

RSM’s misrepresentations until February 2016. That “RSM had questions regarding

advanced funds” does not necessarily establish that, at that same time, Provectus
discovered—or through reasonable diligence should have discovered—the alleged

facts that serve as the basis for Provectus’s claims here. Accordingly, the Court

concludes that RSM’s Motion should be denied to the extent it seeks dismissal of

Provectus’s claims for intentional misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment on

limitation period grounds on the facts pleaded. This decision does not prejudice

RSM’s ability to raise a statute of limitations defense as the factual record develops.

4. Gross Negligence

57. With respect to Provectus’s claim for gross negligence, matters again become

complicated. Unlike claims of breach of contract and ordinary negligence, the Court’s

research has revealed no case law in North Carolina addressing whether claims for

gross negligence are subsumed within section 1-15(c)’s provisions when premised on

facts that also give rise to a claim for professional malpractice. After carefully

examining appellate precedent concerning gross negligence, ordinary negligence, and

section 1-15(c), the Court concludes that section 1-15(c) does not apply to gross

negligence claims.

58. “[T]he difference between ordinary negligence and gross negligence is

substantial.” Yancey v. Lea, 354 N.C. 48, 53, 550 S.E.2d 155, 158 (2001). Our

Supreme Court has previously defined gross negligence as “wanton conduct done with

a conscious or reckless disregard for the rights and safety of others” or “wilful

negligence [involving] a deliberate purpose not to discharge some duty necessary to

the safety of the person or property of another[.]” Id. at 52–53, 550 S.E.2d at 157–58.

Whereas negligence connotes “inadvertence” of varying extremes, willfulness and
wantonness are characterized by intentional wrongdoing. Id. at 53, 550 S.E.2d at

158. Thus, “[a]n act or conduct rises to the level of gross negligence when the act is

done purposely and with knowledge that such act is a breach of duty to others, i.e.,

a conscious disregard of the safety of others.” Id.

59. In the context of section 1-15(c), this difference has substantial implications.

Our Court of Appeals has previously held that fraud by a professional “is not within

the scope of ‘professional services’ as that term is used in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-15(c),”

reasoning that fraud includes a “deliberate” breach of professional obligations. See

Sharp, 113 N.C. App. at 592, 439 S.E.2d at 794. In that gross negligence involves

acts “done purposely and with knowledge that such act is a breach of duty to others,”

Yancey, 354 N.C. at 53, 550 S.E.2d at 158, the same conclusion must be drawn—that

willful and wanton conduct associated with a claim for gross negligence does not fall

within “professional services,” as that term is used in section 1-15(c), and “thus cannot

be ‘malpractice’ within the meaning of that statute,” see Sharp, 113 N.C. App. at 592,

439 S.E.2d at 794.

60. The Court therefore concludes that Provectus’s gross negligence claim is not

governed by section 1-15(c) and that the applicable statute of limitations would thus

ordinarily be three years. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(5). The Court next turns to

whether the Engagement Letters’ limitations period is enforceable as to this claim.

61. North Carolina case law supports the proposition that parties may

contractually limit their risks associated with possible claims for ordinary negligence,

see Hall v. Sinclair Refining Co., 242 N.C. 707, 709, 89 S.E.2d 396, 397 (1955), but
does not provide the same basis for enforcing contractual protections against liability

for intentional wrongdoing, see Ada Liss Grp. v. Sara Lee Corp., No. 06CV610, 2010

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59691, at *26–27 (M.D.N.C. Apr. 28, 2010) (noting that no North

Carolina decision supports “enforcement of exculpatory clauses for intentional

wrongdoing”). This contrast in North Carolina’s law cautions against enforcing

contract clauses that shorten the time period in which a party can seek relief for

injuries resulting from intentional wrongdoing. The Court therefore concludes that

the three-year statute of limitations provided by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(5) applies to

Provectus’s claim for gross negligence, not the eighteen-month period set forth in the

Engagement Letters.

62. The final question for the Court to resolve is whether the three-year statute

of limitations the Court has found applicable to a claim for gross negligence bars any

part of Provectus’s gross negligence claim here. Ordinarily, the statute of limitations

for gross negligence begins to run from the date “the wrong [was] complete,” Lee v.

City of Fayetteville, No. 5:15-CV-638-FL, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 42366, at *19

(E.D.N.C. Mar. 30, 2016) (alteration in original) (quoting Fulton v. Vickery, 73 N.C.

App. 382, 389–90, 326 S.E.2d 354, 359 (1985)), even if the damages or injuries at that

time are nominal or undiscovered, see Birtha, 220 N.C. App. at 292, 727 S.E.2d at 9.

63. North Carolina recognizes “an exception to the general rule that a claim

accrues when the right to maintain a suit arises” in the “continuing wrong doctrine.”

Babb v. Graham, 190 N.C. App. 463, 481, 660 S.E.2d 626, 637 (2008). “When this

doctrine applies, a statute of limitations does not begin to run until the violative act
ceases.” Williams v. Blue Cross Blue Shield, 357 N.C. 170, 179, 581 S.E.2d 415, 423

(2003). The doctrine is triggered by “continual unlawful acts,” but “not by continual

ill effects from an original violation.” Id. To determine whether the doctrine applies,

courts consider “the particular policies of the statute of limitations in question, as

well as the nature of the wrongful conduct and harm alleged.” Id. (quoting Cooper v.

United States, 442 F.2d 908, 912 (7th Cir. 1971)). Here, Provectus argues that the

continuing wrong doctrine operates to save its gross negligence claim.4

64. Provectus alleges three main categories of wrongful conduct giving rise to

its gross negligence claim: (i) the preparation and communication of misinformation,

(ii) a failure to properly test and monitor Provectus’s internal controls or require

substantiation for T&E expenditures, and (iii) a failure to adequately design or

implement sufficient internal controls. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 156–57.) For the first two

categories of conduct, the Court concludes that Provectus has alleged continuing

violations by RSM that fall within the three years prior to Provectus filing suit.

65. In contrast, with respect to the third category—inadequately designed

internal controls—the last implementation of a T&E-related internal control alleged

in the Amended Complaint occurred in 2010 when RSM assisted in developing the

2010 Purchase to Pay Process Narrative. (Am. Compl. ¶ 33.) Provectus acknowledges

4 Provectus contends that the continuing wrong doctrine saves all of its claims in this case.
The doctrine is not applicable, however, to Provectus’s other claims, which are governed by
section 1-15(c) or other incompatible accrual schemes. See Williams, 357 N.C. at 178–79, 581
S.E.2d at 423 (stating that the continuing wrong doctrine is an exception to the general
accrual rule applicable to claims other than malpractice); Birtha, 220 N.C. App. at 297, 727
S.E.2d at 9. Thus, the only claim the doctrine affects is Provectus’s gross negligence claim.
that this was the “only change” RSM made to the Purchase to Pay Process Narrative.

(Pl.’s Resp. Opp’n Mot. Dismiss 15.) Thus, even if Provectus was subsequently

injured as a result of gross negligence in the design of this process or a failure to

correct flaws in the process, that harm would be a continuing ill effect from the

original implementation of the 2010 Narrative, not a continuing wrong that would

delay the accrual of Provectus’s claim.

66. As a result, the Court concludes Provectus’s gross negligence claim is timely

to the extent that claim is premised on wrongs concerning RSM’s misrepresentations

or failure to properly monitor Provectus’s internal controls. To the extent the claim

is based on RSM’s grossly negligent design of Provectus’s internal controls, however,

the claim is time-barred unless the doctrine of equitable estoppel applies.

67. “The doctrine of estoppel applies when a plaintiff shows the defendant’s

actions caused the plaintiff to be reasonably and justifiably misled into missing the

statute of limitations deadline.” Turning Point Indus. v. Global Furniture, Inc., 183

N.C. Ap. 119, 125, 643 S.E.2d 664, 668 (2007). When considered in the context of a

motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the “issue is whether the complaint on its face

sufficiently states a claim for relief to equitably estop” a defendant from asserting the

statute of limitations. Bryant v. Adams, 116 N.C. App. 448, 460, 448 S.E.2d 832, 838

(1994). The essential elements of equitable estoppel are:

(1) conduct on the part of the party sought to be estopped which amounts to
a false representation or concealment of material facts; (2) the intention that
such conduct will be acted on by the other party; and (3) knowledge, actual or
constructive, of the real facts. The party asserting the defense must have (1)
a lack of knowledge and the means of knowledge as to the real facts in
question; and (2) relied upon the conduct of the party sought to be estopped
to his prejudice.

Id.

68. On its face, Provectus’s Amended Complaint provides the essential elements

for equitable estoppel to apply to Provectus’s gross negligence claim to the extent that

claim is based upon negligent design. Provectus alleges that RSM concealed the

flawed design of Provectus’s internal controls by giving false “satisfactory” ratings to

Provectus in order to induce Provectus to continue its engagements with RSM. (Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 55, 66–75, 203.) Provectus also alleges facts that, when taken as true,

show its reliance on RSM’s reports contributed to the damage done by Dees and

Culpepper and prevented Provectus from filing suit within the three years following

the implementation of the 2010 Purchase to Pay Process Narrative. (Am. Compl. ¶¶

43, 59, 202.)

69. RSM replies to Provectus’s request for equitable estoppel relief by arguing

that even if the above is true, Provectus has not alleged facts showing it lacked the

means to discover the truth about its problematic advancement and reimbursement

controls or the ways in which Dees and Culpepper were exploiting those controls.

Provectus argues that this is not the case, contending that its allegations show that

RSM’s development, drafting, implementation, and testing of the internal controls

prevented Provectus from knowing or having the means to know that the controls

were deficient.

70. The Court agrees with Provectus at this stage of the case. Provectus alleges

facts showing that Provectus was unaware of the problems with its internal controls.
(See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 58–59.) Provectus also alleges that RSM was tasked with

designing, monitoring, and testing the deficient advancement and reimbursement

controls, that Provectus lacked the internal resources or ability to manage such

controls, and that Provectus’s CFO, the employee who played a central role in making

sure Provectus followed the controls, was simultaneously exploiting weaknesses in

those controls for his own profit. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 20, 31–35, 39.) Viewing these facts

in the light most favorable to Provectus, the Court concludes that the Amended

Complaint sufficiently pleads that Provectus lacked a means of knowing the truth

about the flawed internal controls to complete the necessary elements of equitable

estoppel. As a result, the Court will not dismiss Provectus’s claim for gross negligence

based upon the design of Provectus’s internal controls on statute of limitations

grounds. This decision does not preclude RSM from raising a statute of limitations

defense or challenging Provectus’s assertion of equitable estoppel as the factual

record develops.

B. Tort Claims

71. RSM offers several additional arguments to support dismissal of Provectus’s

tort claims. The Court addresses each in turn.

1. Contributory Negligence

72. RSM first contends that Provectus’s negligence-based claims—negligence,

gross negligence, professional malpractice, and negligent misrepresentation—should

be dismissed because the Amended Complaint’s allegations demonstrate contributory
negligence on the part of Provectus. Viewing the allegations in the light most

favorable to Provectus, the Court disagrees.

73. “Contributory negligence is negligence on the part of the plaintiff which

joins, simultaneously or successively, with the negligence of the defendant alleged in

the complaint to produce the injury of which the plaintiff complains.” Piraino Bros.

v. Atl. Fin. Grp., Inc., 211 N.C. App. 343, 351–52, 712 S.E.2d 328, 334 (2011) (internal

quotation marks omitted). In North Carolina, a plaintiff’s contributory negligence

acts as “a complete bar” to its own negligence claims, Swain v. Preston Falls E.,

L.L.C., 156 N.C. App. 357, 361, 576 S.E.2d 699, 702 (2003), and “gross contributory

negligence” acts as a complete bar to recovery on a claim for gross negligence,

McCauley v. Thomas, 242 N.C. App. 82, 89, 774 S.E.2d 421, 426 (2015). This doctrine

can also serve to bar professional negligence claims, see Piraino Bros., 211 N.C. App.

at 351, 712 S.E.2d at 334, and claims for negligent misrepresentation, see Swain, 156

N.C. App. at 360–62, 576 S.E.2d at 702–03 (affirming trial court’s dismissal of various

negligence claims, including negligent misrepresentation, on contributory negligence

grounds); see also Vigus v. Milton A. Latta & Sons Dairy Farms, Inc., No. COA08-700,

2009 N.C. App. LEXIS 830, at *34 (N.C. Ct. App. May 19, 2009) (noting that

“justifiable reliance (an element of negligent misrepresentation)

and contributory negligence (a defense to negligent misrepresentation) are closely

associated bars to recovery” on negligent misrepresentation claims).

74. In the context of Rule 12(b)(6), the Court may dismiss negligence claims as

a result of contributory negligence when a claimant’s allegations, taken as true, “show
negligence on the [claimant’s] part[,] proximately contributing to his injury, so clearly

that no other conclusion can be reasonably drawn therefrom.” Mohr v. Matthews, 237

N.C. App. 448, 451, 768 S.E.2d 10, 12–13 (2014) (quoting Sharp v. CSX Transp., Inc.,

160 N.C. App. 241, 244–45, 584 S.E.2d 888, 890 (2003)).

75. Here, RSM argues that Provectus’s own negligence produced Provectus’s

alleged injury because Provectus played an essential part in the process for paying

employee advances. That process required two of Provectus’s three founders to

approve T&E advances before the CFO, Culpepper, prepared the corresponding

journal entry and forwarded information to RSM. (Am. Compl. ¶ 35.) In a company

of four employees, this meant at least one Provectus employee not engaged in

fraudulent acts approved each transaction. RSM thus contends that Provectus was

negligent through its officers each time there was a fraudulent wire transfer. RSM

further contends that Provectus contributed to its own injuries because Provectus

was responsible for providing documentation to RSM to support requested

reimbursements. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 48, 49.)

76. Provectus counters by arguing that true fault lies with RSM because RSM

was the entity that negligently developed and implemented the processes for

Provectus’s T&E advances and reimbursements. Thus, Provectus contends, any

problems arising from the process for approving these expenses are directly
attributable to RSM’s negligence in creating a system that facilitated Dees’s and

Culpepper’s alleged misconduct.

77. While RSM’s arguments may potentially give rise to an inference of

contributory negligence, the Court concludes that Provectus’s allegations do not show

contributory negligence “so clearly that no other conclusion can be reasonably drawn

therefrom.” Mohr, 237 N.C. App. at 451, 768 S.E.2d at 13. The Court cannot rule at

this stage that Provectus’s officers’ approvals of problematic expenses and Provectus’s

failure to continue providing supporting documentation to RSM amount to negligence

as a matter of law—particularly in light of Dees’s and Culpepper’s allegedly

fraudulent conduct and the Amended Complaint’s lack of specific facts concerning the

reimbursement process and what Provectus’s other two employees could have or

should have known. See Martishius v. Carolco Studios, Inc., 355 N.C. 465, 479, 562

S.E.2d 887, 896 (2002) (“The existence of contributory negligence is ordinarily a

question for the jury[.]”); Sharp, 160 N.C. App. at 245, 584 S.E.2d at 891 (reversing

trial court’s dismissal of negligence claims on the basis of contributory negligence

because, at the motion to dismiss stage, the complaint presented the question of

whether plaintiff exercised due care).

78. Additionally, contrary to RSM’s assertion that Provectus acted without due

care as a matter of law through the fraudulent acts “of Dees and Culpepper

themselves,” (Def.’s Br. Supp. Mot. Dismiss 17), the Court cannot conclusively

determine that such acts would render Provectus negligent under agency principles.

See Estes v. Comstock Homebuilding Cos., 195 N.C. App. 536, 542, 673 S.E.2d 399,
403 (2009) (“[A]n act of the servant is not within the scope of employment if it is done

with no intention to perform it as a part of or incident to a service on account of which

he is employed.”); Reinninger v. Prestige Fabricators, Inc., 136 N.C. App. 255, 262,

523 S.E.2d 720, 725 (1999) (“When, however, the agent has a reason or motive to

withhold facts from his principal, the knowledge of the agent is not imputed to the

principal.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also In re Am. Biomaterials Corp.,

954 F.2d 919, 924–25 (3d Cir. 1992) (noting that an employee who embezzles from his

corporation does not act within the scope of his employment in doing so). Accordingly,

the Court will not dismiss Provectus’s negligence-based claims on this basis under

Rule 12(b)(6).

2. Breach of Fiduciary Duty

79. RSM contends that Provectus’s claim for breach of fiduciary duty should be

dismissed because the allegations do not demonstrate that a fiduciary relationship

existed between RSM and Provectus.

80. For a successful breach of fiduciary duty claim, a plaintiff must show that

“(1) [defendant] owed [plaintiff] a fiduciary duty; (2) [defendant] breached [its]

fiduciary duty; and (3) the breach of fiduciary duty was a proximate cause of injury

to [plaintiff].” Alkemal Singapore Private Ltd. v. DEW Glob. Fin., LLC, 2018 NCBC

LEXIS 36, at *34 (N.C. Super. Ct. Apr. 19, 2018) (citing Farndale Co. v. Gibellini, 176

N.C. App. 60, 68, 628 S.E.2d 15, 20 (2006)). An initial requirement for a breach of

fiduciary duty claim is a fiduciary relationship between the parties. Dalton v. Camp,

353 N.C. 647, 651, 548 S.E.2d 704, 707 (2001). North Carolina law recognizes that “a
fiduciary duty can arise by operation of law (de jure) or based on the facts and

circumstances (de facto)[.]” Lockerman v. S. River Elec. Membership Corp., 794

S.E.2d 346, 351 (N.C. Ct. App. 2016).

81. “[D]e jure fiduciary relationships . . . arise . . . because of the nature of the

relationship, ‘such as attorney and client, broker and principal, executor or

administrator and heir, legatee or devisee, factor and principal, guardian and ward,

partners, principal and agent, trustee and cestui que trust.’” BDM Invs. v. Lenhil,

Inc., 2012 NCBC LEXIS 7, at *51 (N.C. Super. Ct. Jan. 18, 2012) (quoting Abbitt v.

Gregory, 201 N.C. 577, 598, 160 S.E. 896, 906 (1931)). North Carolina courts,

however, do not recognize de jure fiduciary relationships between accountants and

their clients, or between external auditors and their clients. See CommScope Credit

Union v. Butler & Burke, LLP, 369 N.C. 48, 52–53, 790 S.E.2d 657, 660 (2016)

(external auditors); Harrold, 149 N.C. App. at 783–84, 561 S.E.2d at 919

(accountants). Provectus acknowledges this point of law and thus only contends that

a de facto fiduciary relationship existed between RSM and Provectus.

82. For purposes of determining whether a de facto fiduciary relationship exists,

North Carolina courts compare the facts of a case to the well-settled definition of a

fiduciary relationship:

[A] fiduciary relationship [is] one in which there has been a special confidence
reposed in one who in equity and good conscience is bound to act in good faith
and with due regard to the interests of the one reposing confidence. All
fiduciary relationships are characterized by a heightened level of trust and
the duty of the fiduciary to act in the best interests of the other party.

CommScope Credit Union, 369 N.C. at 52, 790 S.E.2d at 660 (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted). “Specifically, a fiduciary relationship arises whenever

there is confidence reposed on one side, and resulting domination and influence on

the other.” Head, 812 S.E.2d at 837 (internal quotation marks omitted). This is a

demanding standard, and “[o]nly when one party figuratively holds all the cards—all

the financial power or technical information, for example—have North Carolina

courts found that the ‘special circumstance’ of a fiduciary relationship has arisen.”

BDM Invs., 2012 NCBC LEXIS 7, at *52 (quoting Broussard v. Meineke Disc. Muffler

Shops, Inc., 155 F.3d 331, 348 (4th Cir. 1998)). Accordingly, at this stage of the

litigation, the Court examines whether the allegations in the Amended Complaint, if

true, establish a de facto fiduciary relationship between RSM and Provectus.

83. The Engagement Letters state that RSM “[would] be entitled to rely on all

of [Provectus’s] decisions and approvals made independently, and [RSM would] not

be obligated to evaluate, advise on, confirm or reject such decisions and approvals.”

(Engagement Letters 4.) It was Provectus’s management that was ultimately

responsible for all of the following:

(1) establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial
reporting and safeguarding assets; (2) identifying and ensuring that
[Provectus] complies with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and
other laws and regulations applicable to [Provectus’s] activities; [and] (3)
informing [RSM] of all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in
internal controls of which [Provectus] has knowledge[.]
(Engagement Letters 4.) Such language does not suggest a relationship characterized

by “domination and influence” or one in which RSM held “all the cards.”

84. Nevertheless, Provectus also contends that a fiduciary relationship existed

because RSM expanded its SOX compliance duties beyond those enumerated in the

Engagement Letters to assume duties that were originally delegated to Provectus.

For support, Provectus points to the 2007 Purchase to Pay Process Narrative, which

RSM allegedly developed, reviewed, and commented on.

85. Provectus’s allegations, however, also reveal that—pursuant to the 2007

Narrative—RSM recorded Provectus’s expenditures only after two of the three

Provectus founders approved the expenditure and after the CFO “prepare[d] the

journal entry to record the transaction.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 35.) Thus, even assuming

RSM’s development and review of the Purchase to Pay Process Narrative was extra-

contractual, the developed system bestowed ultimate decision-making authority on

Provectus. Such allegations do not establish a fiduciary relationship. See Bradshaw

v. Maiden, 2015 NCBC LEXIS 80, at *36 (N.C. Super. Ct. Aug. 10, 2015); see also

Kastel v. Nuveen Invs. Inc., No. 1:09CV646, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 113250, at *18–20

(M.D.N.C. Aug. 25, 2015) (dismissing claim for breach of fiduciary duty under North

Carolina law where defendant, a financial advisor, provided advice and direction to

plaintiffs, but plaintiffs retained decision-making authority and failed to allege facts

showing a lack of ability to make decisions).

86. Provectus attempts to assert a separate basis for a fiduciary relationship by

reference to work RSM performed under engagements other than the SOX
compliance engagement, arguing that RSM also “provided comprehensive accounting,

human resource technology, and business consulting services to Provectus in addition

to internal audit functions.” (Pl.’s Resp. Opp’n Mot. Dismiss 19.) Focusing on

accounting, Provectus alleges that RSM had “direct access to and day-to-day control

over every aspect of Provectus’s financial and accounting systems from 2007 until

early 2016, including complete control over the management of [Provectus’s] general

ledger.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 23.)

87. This set of allegations shows that RSM had a very involved role in

performing its accounting-related services for Provectus but still does not sufficiently

allege that RSM’s execution of its accounting-related services influenced, controlled,

or dominated Provectus’s decision-making process.

88. For instance, with regard to the potentially problematic R&D advances

Provectus contends it is now examining, besides general and conclusory allegations

of knowledge and control, Provectus alleges only that “RSM recorded [the R&D

payments] in Provectus’s financial statements and general ledger,” that “RSM tested

samplings of these payments as part of its comprehensive accounting and financial

services,” and that “RSM utterly failed in its accounting and testing to determine

which payments to vendors were still advanced payments and which had actually

been billed against Provectus’s account[.]” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 82–83.) Likewise, to the

extent RSM played any role as an accountant in the T&E expenses process (as

opposed to its role in drafting, implementing, and monitoring the controls overseeing

those expenses), RSM’s only tasks were (i) posting information about wire transfers
after Provectus’s CFO had determined a wire transfer was necessary and two of

Provectus’s three founders had approved that transfer, (Am. Compl. ¶ 35), or (ii)

receiving reimbursement requests and paperwork submitted therewith after

Provectus’s CFO and BHS had processed the reimbursement, (see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 31,

49).

89. These factual allegations describe accounting duties that were ministerial

or administrative in nature and did not involve decision-making in which Provectus

reposed confidence and trust in RSM. Compare Head, 812 S.E.2d at 837–38 (fiduciary

relationship existed with accountant where the client executed a power of attorney

for the accountant to handle all tax matters for the client, including engaging in

communications with the IRS on the client’s behalf), with Venturtech II v. Deloitte

Haskins & Sells, 790 F. Supp. 576, 588 (E.D.N.C. 1992) (applying North Carolina law

and concluding “that [defendant] did not owe a fiduciary duty to plaintiffs” where

there was “no evidence before the court that [defendant], in preparing [third-party

defendant’s] financial statements, acted in a way to influence or control the plaintiffs

in their investment decision”), aff’d sub nom. Heritage Capital Corp. v. Deloitte,

Haskins & Sells, 993 F.2d 228 (4th Cir. 1993).

90. Thus, while Provectus may argue that RSM should have discovered the

fraudulent T&E expenses and potentially problematic payments from Provectus’s

R&D account by virtue of RSM’s provision of accounting-related services to Provectus

and RSM’s superior knowledge and expertise in relation to such matters, these

allegations are insufficient to create a fiduciary relationship. See Silverdeer, LLC v.
Berton, 2013 NCBC LEXIS 21, at *26–27 (N.C. Super. Ct. Apr. 24, 2013) (“[A]n

accountant-client relationship is not an inherently fiduciary one and . . . mere

allegations of the accountant’s failure to properly advise his client [are] insufficient

to support a claim for breach of fiduciary duty.” (citing Harrold, 149 N.C. App. at 784,

561 S.E.2d at 919)).

91. Ultimately, Provectus alleges that RSM provided many services for

Provectus as an accountant, auditor, and consultant and that Provectus relied on

RSM’s services because Provectus lacked the internal resources or ability to manage

and monitor its accounting and financial systems. The Court concludes that these

allegations fail to establish a relationship of trust and confidence in RSM sufficient

to create a de facto fiduciary relationship under North Carolina law. See, e.g., BDM

Invs., 2012 NCBC LEXIS 7, at *52 (requiring that a de facto fiduciary “figuratively

hold[] all the cards” in the parties’ relationship). Accordingly, the Court concludes

that Provectus has not sufficiently alleged the existence of a fiduciary relationship

and that the Motion should be granted with respect to Provectus’s breach of fiduciary

duty claim.

3. The Economic Loss Rule

92. RSM next contends that North Carolina’s economic loss rule requires the

dismissal of each of Provectus’s tort claims, arguing that the subject matter of these

claims overlaps completely with the parties’ contractual engagements. At the outset

of this discussion, the Court notes that the economic loss rule does not apply to

Provectus’s fraud claims. See Bradley Woodcraft, Inc. v. Bodden, 795 S.E.2d 253, 259
(N.C. Ct. App. 2016) (holding that the economic loss rule does not apply to fraud

claims). Therefore, the issue before the Court is whether the economic loss rule bars

Provectus’s claims for negligence, gross negligence, professional malpractice, and

negligent misrepresentation.

93. North Carolina’s economic loss rule is born out of the principle that “a breach

of contract does not give rise to a tort action by the promisee against the promisor.”

N.C. State Ports Auth. v. Lloyd A. Fry Roofing, Co., 294 N.C. 73, 81, 240 S.E.2d 345,

350 (1978). The rule provides “limitations on the recovery in tort when a contract

exists between the parties that defines the standard of conduct and which the courts

believe should set the measure of recovery.” Akzo Nobel Coatings, Inc. v. Rogers, 2011

NCBC LEXIS 42, at *47–48 (N.C. Super. Ct. Nov. 3, 2011). In short, this rule means

that a tort action may not be brought against a “party to a contract who simply fails

to properly perform the terms of the contract, even if that failure to properly perform

was due to the negligent or intentional conduct of that party, when the injury

resulting from the breach is damage to the subject matter of the contract.”

Forest2Market, Inc. v. Arcogent, Inc., 2016 NCBC LEXIS 3, at *7–8 (N.C. Super. Ct.

Jan. 5, 2016) (quoting Spillman v. Am. Homes of Mocksville, Inc., 108 N.C. App. 63,

65, 422 S.E.2d 740, 741–42 (1992)).

94. To maintain a tort claim for conduct “also alleged to be a breach of contract,”

the plaintiff must show “a duty owed by the defendant separate and distinct from any

duty owed under a contract.” Id. at *8 (quotation marks omitted). The tort claim

“must be grounded on a violation of a duty imposed by operation of law, and the right
invaded must be one that the law provides without regard to the contractual

relationship of the parties.” Rountree v. Chowan County, 796 S.E.2d 827, 831 (N.C.

Ct. App. 2017).

95. North Carolina courts do not appear to have expressly considered whether

the economic loss rule bars tort claims brought against accounting or auditing

professionals for work done pursuant to a contract. Other jurisdictions facing this

issue have determined that the economic loss rule does not preclude such tort suits.

Hydro Inv’rs, Inc. v. Trafalgar Power, Inc., 227 F.3d 8, 18 (2d Cir 2000) (“While we

recognize that some cases have applied the economic loss rule to bar recovery where

the only loss claimed is economic in nature, and still others have applied that rule to

professional malpractice cases, the better course is to recognize that the rule allows

such recovery in the limited class of cases involving liability for the violation of a

professional duty. To hold otherwise would in effect bar recovery in many types of

malpractice actions.” (internal citations omitted)); Moransais v. Heathman, 744 So.

2d 973, 983–84 (Fla. 1999) (“[T]he economic loss rule does not bar a cause of action

against a professional for his or her negligence even though the damages are purely

economic in nature and the aggrieved party has entered into a contract with the

professional’s employer.”), overruled by Tiara Condo. Ass’n v. Marsh & McLennan

Cos., 110 So. 3d 399, 407 (Fla. 2013) (holding that the economic loss rule should be

limited to product liability cases, rendering the Moransais exception moot);

Congregation of the Passion v. Touche Ross & Co., 636 N.E.2d 503, 515 (Ill. 1994)

(“Accountants have long been held to be members of a skilled profession, and liable
for their negligent failure to observe reasonable professional competence. This duty

to observe reasonable professional competence exists independently of any

contract. The economic loss doctrine does not bar recovery in tort for the breach of a

duty that exists independently of a contract.”); St. Malachy Roman Catholic

Congregation of Geneseo v. Ingram, 841 N.W.2d 338, 351 (Iowa 2013) (noting that

“purely economic losses are recoverable in actions asserting claims of professional

negligence against attorneys and accountants” as an exception to the economic loss

rule); Tommy L. Griffin Plumbing & Heating Co. v. Jordan, Jones & Goulding, Inc.,

463 S.E.2d 85, 89 (S.C. 1995) (noting that accountants and attorneys owe a duty to

their clients “separate and distinct” from any contract for services).

96. North Carolina law appears to be in accord with these cases. It has been

generally recognized in this State for some time “that an accountant may be held

liable for damages naturally and proximately resulting from his failure to use that

degree of knowledge, skill and judgment usually possessed by members of the

profession in a particular locality.” Head, 795 S.E.2d at 149; Snipes v. Jackson, 69

N.C. App. 64, 73, 316 S.E.2d 657, 662 (1984) (citing 1 Am. Jur. 2d Accountants § 15

(1962)). This potential liability is a function of tort law and exists independent of any

contract. See Head, 795 S.E.2d at 149; Shook v. Lynch & Howard, P.A., 150 N.C. App.

185, 187–88, 563 S.E.2d 196, 198 (2002); Snipes, 69 N.C. App. at 73, 316 S.E.2d at

662. Consequently, where a party seeks to recover in tort for an accountant’s “failure

to use that degree of knowledge, skill and judgment usually possessed by members of

the profession in a particular locality,” the Court concludes that the economic loss
rule will not bar such claims. See Head, 795 S.E.2d at 149; Shook, 150 N.C. App. at

187–88, 563 S.E.2d at 198; Snipes, 69 N.C. App. at 73, 316 S.E.2d at 662.

97. Provectus alleges that RSM provided accounting and auditing services to

Provectus and asserts that RSM’s negligent or grossly negligent provision of those

services caused Provectus harm. (See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 59–60.) Based on these

allegations, the Court concludes that RSM owed a duty to competently perform its

services independent of the contractual engagements between the parties. See Reich

v. Price, 110 N.C. App. 255, 259, 429 S.E.2d 372, 375 (1993) (“One who undertakes to

render services in the practice of a profession owes a duty to exercise that degree of

skill, care, and diligence exercised by members of that same profession.” (quoting

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 299A (Am. Law Inst. 1965))). Accordingly, the

economic loss rule will not bar Provectus’s tort claims in this case.

4. Negligent Misrepresentation, Intentional Misrepresentation, and
Fraudulent Concealment

98. RSM’s various arguments against Provectus’s claims for intentional

misrepresentation and fraudulent concealment can be collapsed into two main points:

first, that Provectus’s allegations do not demonstrate reasonable reliance, and second,

that Provectus has not satisfied North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b)’s

pleading standards. If correct, these arguments also present a bar to Provectus’s
claim for negligent misrepresentation, and the Court therefore addresses RSM’s

arguments as they apply to that claim as well.

a. Reasonable Reliance

99. RSM first argues that Provectus’s fraud claims should be dismissed because

Provectus’s own allegations demonstrate that its reliance on any allegedly misleading

representations was not reasonable.

100. “[A]ny reliance on . . . allegedly [fraudulent] representations must be

reasonable.” Forbis v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 527, 649 S.E.2d 382, 387 (2007). “[W]hen

the party relying on [a] false or misleading representation could have discovered the

truth upon inquiry, the complaint must allege that he was denied the opportunity to

investigate or that he could not have learned the true facts by exercise of reasonable

diligence.” Hudson-Cole Dev. Corp. v. Beemer, 132 N.C. App. 341, 346, 511 S.E.2d

309, 313 (1999). Likewise, a plaintiff’s reliance on misrepresentations must be

justifiable for a plaintiff to recover under a theory of negligent misrepresentation.

See Helms v. Holland, 124 N.C. App. 629, 635, 478 S.E.2d 513, 517 (1996). “The

reasonableness of a party’s reliance is a question for the jury, unless the facts are so

clear that they support only one conclusion.” Forbis, 361 N.C. at 527, 649 S.E.2d at

387.

101. For the reasons given in connection with RSM’s contributory negligence

defense, the Court concludes that the allegations in the Amended Complaint do not

support only the conclusion that Provectus’s reliance was unreasonable or that

Provectus necessarily could have discovered the truth about its financial processing
systems and Dees’s and Culpepper’s conduct upon inquiry. As a result, the Court will

not dismiss Provectus’s claims for negligent misrepresentation, intentional

misrepresentation, or fraudulent concealment on this ground at the Rule 12(b)(6)

stage.

b. Rule 9(b)’s Particularity Requirements

102. RSM also seeks dismissal of Provectus’s intentional misrepresentation and

fraudulent concealment claims by arguing that Provectus has failed to plead these

claims with the particularity required by Rule 9(b).

103. Under Rule 9(b), to successfully plead a claim for fraud or negligent

misrepresentation, a plaintiff must allege “the circumstances constituting [the

claim] . . . with particularity.” N.C. R. Civ. P. 9(b); Herrera v. Charlotte Sch. of Law,

LLC, 2018 NCBC LEXIS 35, at *36 (N.C. Super. Ct. Apr. 20, 2018) (“[A]llegations of

negligent misrepresentation must also be stated with particularity in compliance

with Rule 9(b).”). This particularity requirement is met by alleging the “time, place

and content of the . . . representation [in question], [the] identity of the person

making the representation[,] and what was obtained as a result of the fraudulent acts

or representations.” Birtha, 220 N.C. App. at 296, 727 S.E.2d at 9 (quoting Terry v.

Terry, 302 N.C. 77, 85, 273 S.E.2d 674, 678 (1981)).

104. RSM first contends that Provectus’s allegations fall short of Rule 9(b)’s

requirements because Provectus has not pleaded what RSM “obtained” as a result of

the alleged concealment and misrepresentations. The Court disagrees.
105. Provectus alleges that RSM’s misleading statements and concealment of

material deficiencies caused Provectus to extend or renew its engagements for RSM’s

services. (Am. Compl. ¶ 203.) Provectus also asserts that RSM safeguarded its own

reputation by concealing the problems with Provectus’s financial systems. (Am.

Comp. ¶ 204.) RSM insists that these allegations do not plead with particularity

what RSM obtained, arguing that similar allegations are insufficient to show a

“benefit” was obtained in the context of a claim for constructive fraud. See Barger,

346 N.C. at 667, 488 S.E.2d at 224 (holding that a “continued relationship with

plaintiffs” was not sufficient to constitute a “benefit required for a claim of

constructive fraud”); Deyton v. Estate of Waters, 2013 NCBC LEXIS 19, at *30–31

(N.C. Super. Ct. Apr. 25, 2013) (plaintiff’s contention that defendants committed

fraud to protect their own reputation was not sufficient to show that defendants

received a benefit to support a constructive fraud claim). RSM’s argument, however,

improperly confounds the requirements for two distinct causes of action.

106. A claim for constructive fraud is fundamentally different from a claim for

actual fraud in that “it is based on a confidential relationship rather than a specific

misrepresentation,” Barger, 346 N.C. at 654, 488 S.E.2d at 217 (quoting Terry, 302

N.C. at 85, 273 S.E.2d at 678–79), and does not require proof of a defendant’s intent

to deceive, Forbis, 361 N.C. at 529, 649 S.E.2d at 388. The claim of constructive fraud

originated in the courts of equity and is based on the notion “not that there is fraud,

but that there may be fraud” where a fiduciary has consummated a transaction

benefiting himself and harming those to whom he owes a fiduciary duty. Lee v.
Pearce, 68 N.C. 76, 81 (1873). In such circumstances, courts presume fraud due to

the suspicious nature of the transaction—a superior party, who should place the

interests of another before his own, has obtained a benefit while simultaneously

injuring those who have placed their trust and confidence in him. See Barger, 346

N.C. at 666, 488 S.E.2d at 224; Watts v. Cumberland Cty. Hosp. Sys., Inc., 317 N.C.

110, 116, 343 S.E.2d 879, 884 (1986); Terry, 302 N.C. at 83, 273 S.E.2d at 677; Lee,

68 N.C. at 81. The fact the defendant obtained a benefit is thus the defining feature

of constructive fraud and what sets such a claim apart from a claim for breach of

fiduciary duty. See White v. Consol. Planning, Inc., 166 N.C. App. 283, 294, 603

S.E.2d 147, 155–56 (2004).

107. In contrast, the elements of a claim for actual fraud are “(1) [a] [f]alse

representation or concealment of a material fact, (2) reasonably calculated to deceive,

(3) made with intent to deceive, (4) which does in fact deceive, (5) resulting in damage

to the injured party.” Ragsdale v. Kennedy, 286 N.C. 130, 138, 209 S.E.2d 494, 500

(1974). This claim affords plaintiffs a remedy when they have been harmed by

another’s intentional deceit. See id. And while the deceiver inevitably obtains a

benefit in most cases of fraud, the Court has not found, and the parties have not cited,

any case holding that a claim for actual fraud requires an allegation that the

defendant received a benefit sufficient to support a claim for constructive fraud (as

opposed to a specific allegation concerning what was obtained or what the deceiver

stood to obtain). Imposing such a requirement on fraud claims goes against common
sense and could hypothetically leave plaintiffs without a remedy in those cases where

a deceiver acts purely out of malice or spite and without tangible benefit.

108. In short, because the legal theories underlying constructive fraud and actual

fraud are distinct, the Court concludes that it would be improper to apply case law

concerning those benefits that may, or may not, allow a presumption of fraud in the

context of constructive fraud to determine whether Provectus has pleaded a claim for

actual fraud with requisite particularity under Rule 9(b). The Court draws the same

conclusion to the extent a similar argument can be asserted against Provectus’s

negligent misrepresentation claim. Certainly, where a plaintiff makes vague

allegations, or makes no allegations, about what was obtained as the result of

misrepresentations or concealment, dismissal is appropriate. See S.N.R. Mgmt. Corp.

v. Danube Partners 141, LLC, 189 N.C. App. 601, 611, 659 S.E.2d 442, 450 (2008)

(affirming dismissal of fraud claim where the plaintiff merely alleged that the

defendants “obtained proprietary information” from plaintiff); Harrold, 149 N.C. App.

at 782–83, 561 S.E.2d at 918–19 (affirming dismissal of fraud claim where plaintiffs

completely failed to allege what was obtained as the result of fraud). But here, where

Provectus has alleged that RSM’s actions preserved the engagements between RSM

and Provectus and safeguarded RSM’s reputation, (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 203–04), the Court

concludes that Provectus has particularly pleaded what RSM “obtained” to the extent

necessary to satisfy Rule 9(b).

109. RSM next argues that Provectus has failed to meet the pleading standards

of Rule 9(b) because the Amended Complaint does not identify the particular dates
on which RSM made the alleged misrepresentations. Provectus disagrees and argues

that the Amended Complaint is sufficient under Rule 9(b)’s standards because it puts

RSM on notice of who allegedly made the representations, which reports those

representations were contained in, what the reports contained, and the timeframe in

which the representations were made. After reviewing the parties’ arguments and

Provectus’s Amended Complaint, the Court agrees with Provectus.

110. Provectus’s allegations of fraud revolve around RSM’s alleged decision not

to disclose “material facts concerning RSM’s overall financial accounting and

reporting services,” such as the “material deficiencies in the internal control[s] over

[Provectus’s] financial reporting.” (See, e.g., Am. Comp. ¶ 202.) Provectus pleads that

RSM represented in quarterly and annual reports to Provectus between 2011 to 2015

that Provectus’s internal controls were “Satisfactory, as defined in RSM’s reports[.]”

(Am. Comp. ¶ 179.) Provectus quotes this definition in the Amended Complaint,

averring that “Satisfactory” meant “[n]o significant observations exist[ed]; controls

[were] considered adequate to mitigate operational, strategic and/or financial risks;

[and] findings [were] not significant to the overall unit.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 55.)

111. Provectus also identifies the reports containing the allegedly misleading

information, the RSM employee that provided Provectus with each report, and the

month or year RSM issued each report. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 65–75.) Provectus does not

allege specific dates for any report, but the Amended Complaint does contain the

month and year that each annual report was made, (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 66, 88, 70, 72,

74), and alleges that the misleading statements also appeared in RSM’s “Quarterly
Control Monitoring Reports” throughout 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, (Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 67, 69, 71, 73, 75).

112. The purpose of Rule 9(b) is to provide a defendant with sufficient notice of

the fraud alleged “in order to meet the charges.” See Terry, 302 N.C. at 85, 273 S.E.2d

at 678. There is no precise language or formula required to meet Rule 9(b)’s

standards, and our appellate courts have held that a pleading is sufficiently

particular “if, upon a liberal construction of the whole pleading, the charge of fraud

might be supported by proof of the alleged constitutive facts.” Carver v. Roberts, 78

N.C. App. 511, 513, 337 S.E.2d 126, 128 (1985) (quoting Brooks Equip. & Mfg. Co. v.

Taylor, 230 N.C. 680, 686, 55 S.E.2d 311, 315 (1949)). Provectus’s allegations identify

the reports in which Provectus contends the above discussed representations were

made and consequently provide RSM with the information required to know which

reports are the subject of Provectus’s claims. Accordingly, in these circumstances,

the Court concludes that Provectus’s allegations are sufficient to meet the time, place,

and content requirements of Rule 9(b) with respect to Provectus’s fraud and negligent

misrepresentation claims.

113. RSM also contends in its post-hearing brief that Provectus has not

sufficiently pleaded fraudulent intent on the part of RSM, arguing that Provectus’s

allegations that RSM made misrepresentations knowingly and intentionally are

conclusory and unsupported. The Court disagrees. Rule 9(b) allows a party to plead

fraudulent intent generally. N.C. R. Civ. P. 9(b). As Provectus has otherwise

particularly pleaded its fraud claims and has generally averred fraudulent intent,
(Am. Compl. ¶¶ 194–95), the Court will not dismiss those claims due to a general

allegation of intent.

114. In sum, the Court will not dismiss Provectus’s claims for negligent

misrepresentation, intentional misrepresentation, or fraudulent concealment under

Rule 9(b).

C. Limitation of Liability Provisions

115. The final issue to be resolved on RSM’s Motion is the extent to which

Provectus may recover for its claims against RSM. RSM contends that the limitation

of liability provisions in the Engagement Letters preclude Provectus from recovering

consequential or punitive damages. In response, Provectus argues (i) that this issue

is not ripe for the Court’s determination at this stage of the litigation and (ii) that

Provectus’s tort claims arise independently from the Engagement Letters and thus

are not subject to the limitation provisions. For the reasons discussed herein, the

Court concludes that the limitation of liability provisions apply to some, but not all,

of Provectus’s claims.

116. “North Carolina follows a ‘broad policy’ which generally accords contracting

parties ‘freedom to bind themselves as they see fit[,]’” and “[e]nforcement of

contractual liability limitations and damages exclusions is one aspect of this freedom

of contract.” Severn Peanut Co. v. Indus. Fumigant Co., 807 F.3d 88, 91 (4th Cir.

2015) (quoting Hall, 242 N.C. at 709, 89 S.E.2d at 397–98). As a result, “a person

may effectively bargain against liability for harm caused by his ordinary negligence

in the performance of a legal duty arising out of a contractual relation.” Id. (quoting
Hall, 242 N.C. at 709, 89 S.E.2d at 397). “[S]uch provisions will not be enforced,”

however, “where the result would be unconscionable and ‘elicit a profound sense of

injustice.’” Performance Sales & Mktg., LLC v. Lowe’s Cos., No. 5:07CV140, 2010 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 55426, at *46 (W.D.N.C. June 4, 2010) (quoting Blaylock Grading Co. v.

Smith, 189 N.C. App. 508, 512, 658 S.E.2d 680, 683 (2008)).

117. Provectus first contends that this issue is not ripe for determination at this

stage of the litigation, pointing to cases in which courts have deferred ruling on the

effects of limitation of liability provisions pending further factual development of the

record. See, e.g., Lindsay v. Nichino Am., Inc., 202 F. Supp. 3d 524, 532–33 (M.D.N.C.

2016); WakeMed v. Surgical Care Affiliates, LLC, 243 N.C. App. 820, 827, 778 S.E.2d

308, 314 (2015); Medfusion, Inc. v. Allscripts Healthcare Sols., Inc., 2015 NCBC

LEXIS 34, at *15 (N.C. Super. Ct. Mar. 31, 2015). These courts, however, deferred

ruling on the grounds that the contract provisions at issue were ambiguous, see

WakeMed, 243 N.C. App. at 827, 778 S.E.2d at 314; Medfusion, Inc., 2015 NCBC

LEXIS 34, at *15, or that more factual development was needed to determine whether

the contract provisions were unconscionable, see Lindsay, 202 F. Supp. 3d at 532–33;

Performance Sales & Mktg., LLC, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 55426, at *46.

118. Here, Provectus does not contend that the limitation of liability provisions

are ambiguous or unconscionable and even alleges that all provisions of the

Engagement Letters are enforceable. The parties’ sole disagreement goes to the scope

of the limited liability provisions in relation to Provectus’s claims. The Court agrees

with the parties that the Engagement Letters’ limitation of liability provisions are
not ambiguous. It is therefore for the Court to determine the effect of these provisions

as a matter of law. Barrett Kays & Assocs., P.A. v. Colonial Bldg. Co. of Raleigh, 129

N.C. App. 525, 528, 500 S.E.2d 108, 111 (1998).

119. The limitation of liability provisions in the Engagement Letters provide that

[T]he total liability of [Provectus] and [RSM] . . . relating to this Agreement
will in no event exceed an amount equal to the fees paid (in the case of [RSM]’s
liability) or owing (in the case of [Provectus’s] liability) to [RSM] under this
Agreement. In no event will [Provectus] or [RSM] . . . be liable for any special,
consequential, incidental, punitive or exemplary damages or loss[.]”

(Engagement Letters 8; see Engagement Letters 18, 28, 38, 47, 56, 65 (containing

substantially similar terms).)

120. As stated above, North Carolina law allows parties to contractually limit

liability for acts of negligence flowing from their contractual relationship. Hall, 242

N.C. at 709, 89 S.E.2d at 397. The substantial majority of Provectus’s allegations in

this case take issue with RSM’s provision of services under the parties’ SOX

compliance engagement. The main thrust of Provectus’s claims is that RSM

improperly developed and monitored controls for T&E expenditures and/or failed to

notice, correct, or report—either negligently or intentionally—any problems with

those controls. The Engagement Letters provided by RSM outlined RSM’s provision

of these SOX compliance services. (See, e.g., Engagement Letters 1–5.) Even though

Provectus now contends RSM undertook additional, SOX-related duties that went

beyond the terms of the Engagement Letters, such as developing the Purchase to Pay

Process Narrative, Provectus pleads that these tasks were carried out “[i]n connection

with” the SOX compliance services. (Am. Compl. ¶ 30.) Thus the wrongdoing,
including tortious conduct, alleged here—i.e., failures to develop, implement,

monitor, and provide information about the Purchase to Pay Process Narrative and

other SOX compliance controls—“relate[s] to” the SOX compliance services RSM

contracted to provide. See, e.g., Rodgers Builders, Inc. v. McQueen, 76 N.C. App. 16,

18, 25, 331 S.E.2d 726, 728, 732 (1985) (provision in contract that specified “[a]ll

claims . . . arising out of, or relating to, the Contract Documents or the breach thereof”

was “sufficiently broad to include any claims which [arose] out of or [were] related to

the contract or its breach, regardless of the characterization of the claims as tort or

contract”).

121. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the limitation of liability clauses in

the Engagement Letters before the Court apply to Provectus’s breach of contract,

negligence, negligent misrepresentation, and professional malpractice claims to the

extent those claims are related to RSM’s “engagement to provide internal audit and

[SOX] compliance services.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 2.)

122. The Court will not, however, totally dismiss Provectus’s requests for

consequential and punitive damages.

123. First, the Court will not enforce the limitation of liability provisions in the

Engagement Letters before the Court with respect to Provectus’s gross negligence or

fraud-based claims. As previously noted, “[t]he case law in North Carolina supports

only the more limited proposition that exculpatory clauses [may] eliminat[e] liability

for ordinary negligence” and offers no foundation for “the enforcement of exculpatory

clauses for intentional wrongdoing.” Ada Liss Grp., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59691, at
*26–27; cf. Oestreicher v. Am. Nat’l Stores, Inc., 290 N.C. 118, 136, 225 S.E.2d 797,

809 (1976) (“In the so-called breach of contract actions that smack of tort because of

the fraud and deceit involved, we do not think it is enough just to permit defendant

to pay that which the . . . contract required him to pay in the first place. If this were

the law, defendant has all to gain and nothing to lose.”).

124. Indeed, the majority of courts refuse to enforce contract terms exculpating

intentionally harmful conduct. Joseph H. King, Jr., Exculpatory Agreements for

Volunteers in Youth Activities -- The Alternative to “Nerf (registered)” Tiddlywinks, 53

Ohio St. L.J. 683, 728 (1992) (“[A] majority of courts . . . hold that exculpatory

agreements are unenforceable if defendant’s conduct constituted gross negligence.”);

see also Waggoner v. Nags Head Water Sports, No. 97-1394, 1998 U.S. App. LEXIS

6792, at *23–24 (4th Cir. Apr. 6, 1998) (holding that plaintiff’s negligence claim was

barred by an exculpatory clause because there was no evidence to support the

assertion that defendant acted intentionally or recklessly); Restatement (Second) of

Contracts § 195 (Am. Law Inst. 1981) (“A term exempting a party from tort liability

for harm caused intentionally or recklessly is unenforceable on grounds of public

policy.”).

125. Accordingly, the Court finds that the limitation of liability provisions of the

Engagement Letters will not prevent Provectus from recovering consequential or

punitive damages should Provectus succeed on its claims for gross negligence,

intentional misrepresentation, or fraudulent concealment. See Andrews v.

Fitzgerald, 823 F. Supp. 356, 379 (M.D.N.C. 1993) (applying North Carolina law and
concluding “if Plaintiffs can prove that Defendants acted in a grossly negligent

manner, Plaintiffs’ claims for negligent misrepresentation will not be barred by the

exculpation clause”).

126. Second, though Provectus’s claims, as pleaded, focus on the injury Provectus

purportedly suffered as a result of RSM’s alleged failure to adequately design,

develop, and monitor Provectus’s T&E expenditure controls pursuant to the SOX

compliance engagement, (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 142–43, 150–51, 156–57, 163–64, 170–71,

178–79, 202, 213), the Court notes that Provectus has also pleaded (1) an outsourcing

engagement between the parties for duties including accounting and (2) an

“engagement for review of [Provectus’s] financial statements,” (Am. Compl. ¶ 2), as

well as facts purportedly related to these other engagements.

127. In particular, Provectus has brought forward allegations that RSM failed to

properly account for advances from Provectus’s R&D account or recognize other

weaknesses in Provectus’s financial reporting. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 77–88.) These

allegations do not appear to relate to the SOX consulting engagement covered by the

Engagement Letters before the Court. (See, e.g., Engagement Letters 57.) It is not

at all apparent that Provectus has suffered harm as a result of these additional

alleged facts, (see Am. Compl. ¶ 88 (pleading that RSM’s errors “pose the threat of

being considered material”), and Provectus’s standing to assert claims on these

allegations is thus in doubt, Neuse River Found. v. Smithfield Foods, Inc., 155 N.C.

App. 110, 114, 574 S.E.2d 48, 52 (2002) (“Standing most often turns on whether the

party has alleged ‘injury in fact[.]’”). Nonetheless, the Court cannot say at this stage
that claims based upon these additional allegations are subject to the limitation of

liability provisions in the Engagement Letters.

128. Consequently, to the extent Provectus’s claims are premised on (1) its

“outsourcing engagement, under which RSM provided comprehensive accounting

services” or (2) the parties’ “engagement for review of [Provectus’s] financial

statements,” (Am. Compl. ¶ 2), the Court will not now rule that those claims are

subject to a limitation of liability provision. The Court reserves the right to revisit

this decision upon later motion practice.

V.

CONCLUSION

129. WHEREFORE, the Court hereby ORDERS as follows:

a. RSM’s Motion is GRANTED in part as follows:

i. Provectus’s claim for breach of fiduciary duty is dismissed with

prejudice.

ii. Provectus shall not recover consequential or punitive damages on

its claims for breach of contract, negligence, negligent

misrepresentation, or professional malpractice to the extent those

claims seek recovery for injuries related to RSM’s engagement to

provide internal audit and SOX compliance services.

b. RSM’s Motion is DENIED in part as follows:

i. Provectus’s claims for negligence, breach of contract, professional

malpractice, negligent misrepresentation, gross negligence,
intentional misrepresentation, and fraudulent concealment shall

not be dismissed.

ii. Provectus shall not be precluded from seeking consequential or

punitive damages on its claims for gross negligence, intentional

misrepresentation, and fraudulent concealment at this stage of

the litigation.

iii. Provectus shall not be precluded, at this time, from seeking

consequential or punitive damages on its claims for breach of

contract, negligence, negligent misrepresentation, or professional

malpractice to the extent those claims are premised on (1) the

outsourcing engagement between the parties or (2) the

engagement between the parties under which RSM was to review

Provectus’s financial statements.

SO ORDERED, this the 28th day of September, 2018.

/s/ Louis A. Bledsoe, III
Louis A. Bledsoe, III
Chief Business Court Judge