Hughes v. Bank of America National Association

THIS OPINION HAS NO PRECEDENTIAL VALUE. IT SHOULD NOT BE
CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY PROCEEDING
EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY RULE 268(d)(2), SCACR.

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Court of Appeals

Phillip Francis Luke Hughes, on behalf of the Estate of
Jane K. Hughes, Respondent,

v.

Bank of America National Association, Appellant.

Appellate Case No. 2018-001443

Appeal From Spartanburg County
Grace Gilchrist Knie, Circuit Court Judge

Unpublished Opinion No. 2021-UP-354
Submitted March 1, 2021 – Filed October 13, 2021

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Robert A. Muckenfuss, of Charlotte, North Carolina, and
Elizabeth Marion Zwickert Timmermans, of Raleigh,
North Carolina, both of McGuireWoods LLP, for
Appellant.

D. Michael Kelly and Bradley Davis Hewett, both of
Mike Kelly Law Group, LLC, and Jamie Nicole Smith,
all of Columbia, for Respondent.
PER CURIAM: In 2015, Respondent Phillip Hughes, on behalf of the estate of
his mother, Jane Hughes (Jane), filed suit in circuit court for alleged "fraudulent
conduct" by Appellant Bank of America. Respondent alleged that his parents, John
Hughes and Jane, declined an insurance product offered by Appellant when opening
a line of credit there in 2006. According to Respondent, Appellant nonetheless at
some point started charging $28.40 a month, purportedly to pay for the insurance.
Respondent brought an array of claims, including, inter alia, one under the federal
Truth in Lending Act and state law claims for fraud, fraudulent concealment, and
breach of contract.1

The case was removed to federal court on Appellant's motion. Later,
Respondent sought "[d]ismissal [w]ithout [p]rejudice for its claims for fraud,
fraudulent concealment, and breach of contract accompanied by fraudulent acts"
because "there is controlling precedent [from the South Carolina Supreme Court]
that may bar recovery for these particular claims by virtue of Jane Hughes's death."
The leftover claims against Appellant were dismissed by the federal district court in
an order dated February 13, 2017.

Respondent then returned to state court with a state-law action including
claims for fraud, fraudulent concealment, breach of contract accompanied by a
fraudulent act, violation of the South Carolina Unfair Trade Practices Act
(SCUTPA), breach of fiduciary duty, and conversion, as well as a survival action.
At a hearing on Appellant's subsequent motion to dismiss, Respondent conceded that
dismissal of the conversion and breach of fiduciary duty claims was likely proper.
Respondent told the court that "the crux of this case is to challenge the state of the
law on the fraud claims." Specifically, Respondent challenged the now 80-year-old
and rarely-elaborated-upon decision by our supreme court in Mattison v. Palmetto
State Life Ins. Co. that fraud "does not come within either of the instances where a
cause of action survives" under the state's survival statute. 197 S.C. 256, 261–62,
15 S.E.2d 117, 118–19 (1941).

On March 20, 2018, Judge R. Keith Kelly issued an order "grant[ing
Appellant's] Motion to Dismiss, with prejudice," holding that "the claims are barred
by the doctrine of res judicata." The circuit court added: "In addition to res judicata,
[Respondent]'s fraud-related claims are all barred as those claims did not survive the
death of the [Respondent]'s parents; the SCUTPA statute itself does not allow
[Respondent] to bring a claim in a representative capacity; and all of [Respondent]'s
claims are barred by the applicable statutes of limitations." Respondent appealed.

1
Jane Hughes died in 2015, seven years after her husband's death.
This court heard oral arguments in December 2020. Respondent requested and
received permission to "argue against precedent" at oral arguments in that case.2

On March 29, 2018, Appellant filed a Motion for Sanctions against
Respondent and Respondent's counsel. Appellant argued that sanctions were
appropriate under Rule 11, SCRCP, and the Frivolous Civil Proceedings Sanctions
Act (FCPSA) because Respondent's claims were frivolous given the existence of the
fraud exception and the other objections to the initial case that Appellant had raised.3
Respondent opposed the sanctions. Respondent argued that he "brought the action
in good faith," because the effort was intended to change the law regarding the fraud
exception.4

Judge Grace Gilchrist Knie held a hearing on Appellant's motion on June 1,
2018. On July 3, the circuit court rejected Appellant's motion for sanctions, relying
on the proceedings underway in this court. "This matter is currently pending before
the South Carolina Court of Appeals . . . and has not yet been fully adjudicated.
Accordingly, [Appellant]'s Motion for Sanctions is untimely and premature." This
appeal followed.

ISSUES ON APPEAL

1. Did Appellant preserve for review its arguments that its motions for sanctions
were not premature and untimely?

2. Are Appellant's arguments prohibited under the two-issue rule?

3. Did the circuit court err when it found the motion for sanctions under Rule 11
was premature and untimely?

4. Did the circuit court err when it found that the motion for sanctions under the
FCPSA was premature and untimely?

2
Our summary of the previous case is drawn largely from this court's decision in
Hughes v. Bank of America Nat'l Ass'n, Op. No. 2021-UP-341 (S.C. Ct. App. filed
September 29, 2021).
3
Appellant additionally filed a nearly 20-page memorandum in support of its
motion.
4
Appellant and Respondent have also disputed whether the exact amount of
Appellant's purported attorney's fees is plausible. That issue is not relevant to this
appeal.
5. Should the circuit court have granted the motions for sanctions?

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Appellant and Respondent disagree on the standard of review for this case.
Appellant argues this court should review the case de novo. Respondent argues that
the appropriate standard of review is for an abuse of discretion. We agree with
Respondent.

As Respondent notes, South Carolina's appellate courts have repeatedly said
that rulings regarding sanctions are equitable decisions. Recently, our supreme court
reiterated the standard.

The decision to impose sanctions is one in equity, and thus
the appellate court reviews the circuit court's factual
findings de novo. If the appellate court agrees with the
factual findings, then it reviews the circuit court's decision
to impose sanctions and the amount of sanctions for an
abuse of discretion. We also review an equity court's
procedural rulings—such as a ruling on timeliness of a
Rule 11 motion—for abuse of discretion.

Pee Dee Health Care, P.A. v. Estate of Thompson, 424 S.C. 520, 538 n.11, 818
S.E.2d 758, 768 n.11 (2018) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). See also id. at
537, 818 S.E.2d at 767 ("In light of all these considerations, we turn to the circuit
court's decision to grant the Rule 11 motion in the face of Pee Dee Health's timeliness
challenge. We review the decision for abuse of discretion." (emphasis added)); Ex
parte Gregory, 378 S.C. 430, 437, 663 S.E.2d 46, 50 (2008) (pre-2005 statute5)
("[W]here the appellate court agrees with the trial court's findings of fact, it reviews
the decision to award sanctions, as well as the terms of those sanctions, under an
abuse of discretion standard."); Russell v. Wachovia Bank, N.A., 370 S.C. 5, 19, 663
S.E.2d 722, 729 (2006) (pre-2005 statute) ("On appeal, the imposition of sanctions
pursuant to this rule will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.").

5
The FCPSA was amended in 2005. That is relevant to some parts of this suit. As
a result, we will note when cases related to the FCPSA are based on the pre-2005
version of the act.
Appellant attempts to distinguish this case by highlighting the undisputed
facts. Appellant then points to cases like Goldston v. State Farm Mutual Automobile
Insurance Co.6, WDW Properties v. City of Sumter7, and Dreher v. Dreher8 for the
proposition that in such cases, the appropriate standard of review is de novo.
However, none of these cases involved motions for sanctions, which is a specific set
of equitable remedies. See Goldston, 358 S.C. at 166, 594 S.E.2d at 516 ("In an
action at law, tried without a jury, the appellate court will not disturb the trial court's
findings of fact unless they are found to be without evidence that reasonably supports
those findings. However, '[w]hen an appeal involves stipulated or undisputed facts,
an appellate court is free to review whether the trial court properly applied the law
to those facts.'" (emphasis added) (citation, alteration omitted) (quoting In re Estate
of Boynton, 355 S.C. 299, 301, 584 S.E.2d 154, 155 (Ct. App. 2003)).

Practically, there is not a great deal of difference between the two standards
in analyzing the current case. Under either benchmark, because the facts in this case
are clear, this court is essentially attempting to determine if the court got the law
wrong. See Gregory, 378 S.C. at 437, 663 S.E.2d at 50 ("An abuse of discretion
occurs where the decision is controlled by an error of law or is based on unsupported
factual conclusions."). In any event, the correct standard to use to analyze this case
is to determine whether the circuit court abused its discretion.

Additionally, to the extent we must construe statutes, "[d]etermining the
proper interpretation of a statute is a question of law, and th[e appellate c]ourt
reviews questions of law de novo." Town of Summerville v. City of North
Charleston, 378 S.C. 107, 110, 662 S.E.2d 40, 41 (2008).

LAW/ANALYSIS

We first decline the implicit invitation of both Appellant and Respondent to
get involved in their feud over whether sanctions are or are not justified on the merits.
The essence of the circuit court's ruling can be found in this paragraph of its order:
"This matter is currently pending before the South Carolina Court of Appeals . . .
and has not yet been fully adjudicated. Accordingly, Defendant's Motion for
Sanctions is untimely and premature." (Emphasis added). Furthermore, despite
Appellant's arguments in its initial brief, it stated in its reply brief that it "requests
that the [circuit] court be reversed on this point and the matter remanded for a

6
358 S.C. 157, 594 S.E.2d 511 (Ct. App. 2004).
7
342 S.C. 6, 535 S.E.2d 631 (2000).
8
370 S.C. 75, 634 S.E.2d 646 (2006).
determination on the merits." Therefore, the issue before this court is whether the
circuit court was correct in its belief that ruling on Appellant's motion would be
"untimely and premature," not whether the circuit court should have imposed
sanctions if it had reached the merits.9 On the grounds of timeliness, the circuit
court's decision was controlled by an error of law. Therefore, we reverse the circuit
court's decision and remand the case to the circuit court.

I. Preservation

Respondent first argues that Appellant did not preserve the issue of timeliness
for appeal, claiming Appellant did not raise the issue before the circuit court and did
not file a Rule 59(e), SCRCP motion afterward. Appellant counters that it did
address the issue of timeliness when requesting sanctions. We agree with Appellant.

"South Carolina appellate courts do not recognize the 'plain error rule,' under
which a court in certain circumstances is allowed to consider and rectify an error not
raised below by the party." Elam v. S.C. Dep't of Transp., 361 S.C. 9, 24, 602 S.E.2d
772, 780 (2004)). "The losing party must first try to convince the lower court it . . .
has ruled wrongly and then, if that effort fails, convince the appellate court that the
lower court erred." I'On v. Town of Mt. Pleasant, 338 S.C. 406, 422, 526 S.E.2d
716, 724 (2000). As our supreme court explained in I'On: "This principle underlies
the long-established preservation requirement that the losing party generally must
both present his issues and arguments to the lower court and obtain a ruling before
an appellate court will review those issues and arguments." Id. (emphasis added).

That requirement arguably includes a duty to file a Rule 59(e) motion if
necessary when the circuit court digresses from what the parties have argued and
rules sua sponte on another issue. Cf. Elam, 361 S.C. at 24, 602 S.E.2d at 780 ("A

9
Even if Appellant had not conceded this point, the final disposition of the merits of
the motion for sanctions is best left to the circuit court, subject to review by this
court and our supreme court. Cf. Brubaker v. City of Richmond, 943 F.2d 1363,
1374 (4th Cir. 1991) ("The district court is in the best position to determine whether
sanctions should be imposed and, if so, how much. 'Familiar with the issues and
litigants, the district court is better situated than the court of appeals to marshall the
pertinent facts and apply the fact-dependent legal standard mandated by Rule 11.'"
(quoting Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 402 (1990))). Because of
Appellant's concession on this issue, we will not address the third issue raised by
Appellant, or the fifth question as we have framed it, that essentially asks this court
to engage on the merits.
party may wish to file such a motion when she believes the court has misunderstood,
failed to fully consider, or perhaps failed to rule on an argument or issue, and the
party wishes for the court to reconsider or rule on it. A party must file such a motion
when an issue or argument has been raised, but not ruled on, in order to preserve it
for appellate review."). However, "[a]s long as the judge had an opportunity to rule
on an issue, and did so, it is not 'incumbent upon . . . counsel to harass the judge by
parading the issue before him again.'" Jean Hoefer Toal et al., Appellate Practice in
South Carolina 185–86 (3d ed. 2016) (quoting State v. McDaniel, 320 S.C. 33, 37,
462 S.E.2d 882, 884 (Ct. App. 1995)).

Appellant did not file a Rule 59(e) motion in this case following the circuit
court's ruling. However, Appellant did mention timeliness in its Memorandum in
Support of Motion for Sanctions, dated May 29, 2018. The reference came in
passing and in a footnote, but it was a reference: "This court retains jurisdiction to
consider [Appellant]'s Motion for Sanctions despite [Respondent] appealing this
Court's order on [Appellant]'s Motion to Dismiss." (Citations to rule and case law
omitted.) This might well be the bare minimum of what an appellant must do to
preserve an issue for appeal. But this state's jurisprudence pairs its insistence on
preservation with a hesitance to make it a straitjacket. See Herron v. Century BMW,
395 S.C. 461, 470, 719 S.E.2d 640, 644 (2011) ("We are mindful of the need to
approach issue preservation rules with a practical eye and not in a rigid, hyper-
technical manner."); cf. Atl. Coast Builders & Contractors, LLC v. Lewis, 398 S.C.
323, 332, 730 S.E.2d 282, 287 (Toal, C.J., concurring in result and dissenting in part)
(regarding two-issue rule) ("[A]n over-zealous application of appellate preservation
rules denigrates the primary purpose of the judiciary, which is to serve the citizens
and the business community of this state by settling disputes and promoting
justice"); id. at 329, 730 S.E.2d at 285 (stating the majority "share[d Chief Justice
Toal's] concerns about a hypertechnical application of a procedural bar to appellate
arguments").

It would certainly have made the consideration of this case easier if Appellant
had filed a Rule 59(e) motion asking the circuit court to reconsider its decision. But
because there was some mention of timeliness in Appellant's arguments before the
circuit court, we find that the issue was preserved. Cf. Herron, 395 S.C. at 470, 719
S.E.2d at 644–45 ("[B]ecause Appellant can point to no instance where [an issue]
was properly raised or ruled upon, to disregard our issue preservation rules under
these circumstances would render them meaningless." (emphasis added)).

II. Two-Issue Rule
Similarly, Respondent argues that the circuit court's order included at least
two grounds for declining to approve sanctions, and so the appeal is not preserved
pursuant to the two-issue rule. This argument is without merit.

Under the two issue rule, where a decision is based on
more than one ground, the appellate court will affirm
unless the appellant appeals all grounds because the
unappealed ground will become the law of the case. This
[c]ourt has explained that the two issue rule is applicable
in situations not involving a jury . . . .

Jones v. Lott, 387 S.C. 339, 346, 692 S.E.2d 900, 903 (2010) (citations and
parenthetical omitted), abrogated on other grounds by Repko v. County of
Georgetown, 424 S.C. 494, 818 S.E.2d 743 (2018).

In the current case, Respondent argues that in the seventh numbered paragraph
of the circuit court's order—which came right before the paragraph declaring the
motion for sanctions untimely—the circuit court laid out a second reason for its
ruling. That paragraph in its entirety reads:

[Respondent] and his counsel objected to the granting of
[Appellant]'s Motion for Sanctions, arguing, in part, that
the Court, when presented with the opportunity to consider
the same conduct for which [Appellant] presently seeks
sanctions on a prior occasion, declined to award sanctions
against [Respondent] or his counsel. The [Appellant],
before filing the current Motion for Sanctions, raised the
same issues set forth in this motion to the Court, Judge
Kelly, at the February 22, 2018, hearing on its Motion to
Dismiss. Although [Appellant] raised the question of
sanctions at that hearing, Judge Kelly did not impose
sanctions against [Respondent] or his counsel at that time.

Respondent's reading of this paragraph as anything other than a part of the court's
explanation of the history of the case is strained at best. Respondent notes that "this
is the only argument made by either party that the lower court expounded upon in
its Order" and later notes: "The decision to include one, but not all, of Respondent's
objections in its Order—especially in light of the court's provided factual support—
indicates that the lower court assigned particular relevance to the issue, obviating
the need to recount the remaining arguments he asserted." Even if we agreed with
Respondent on those characterizations—and we do not—that puts far more import
into the paragraph than the circuit court could reasonably have been expected to
intend.

As Appellant notes, the circuit court's eighth numbered paragraph makes the
reasoning for the order abundantly clear: "This matter is currently pending before
the South Carolina Court of Appeals . . . and has not yet been fully adjudicated.
Accordingly, Defendant's Motion for Sanctions is untimely and premature."
(Emphasis added). We find no reason to go outside of the clear line of logic in that
paragraph in an attempt to divine whether other portions of the order played into the
thinking of the circuit court. For that reason, we reject Respondent's argument.

III. Timeliness10

Appellant argues that the circuit court erred in finding "untimely and
premature" its motion for sanctions under the FCPSA and Rule 11, SCRCP. We
agree in part, but we also agree with Respondent that Appellant has abandoned one
of its arguments in this appeal.

We begin by looking at the structure of the FCPSA; we then consider whether
Appellant abandoned one of its grounds for relief under the FCPSA on appeal; and
finally, we consider whether the remaining claims were premature and untimely.

A. The Frivolous Civil Proceedings Sanctions Act

It will be helpful for our discussion of the FCPSA, and whether Appellant's
arguments are timely under the act, to first consider how the act is structured and
how that affects Appellant's arguments. The FCPSA begins with requirements for
filings in a civil lawsuit, and outlines when papers or arguments in a case are
frivolous. See S.C. Code Ann. § 15-36-10(A) (Supp. 2020). Section 15-36-10(B)
lays out the potential sanctions that a party can face when subsection (A) is violated,
including specifically subsection (A)(4):

If a document is signed in violation of this section, or an
attorney or pro se litigant has violated subsection (A)(4),
the court, upon its own motion or motion of a party, may
impose upon the person in violation any sanction which

10
Because the arguments on timeliness on both statutory grounds and Rule 11,
SCRCP, are linked, we consider them together.
the court considers just, equitable, and proper under the
circumstances.

Id. at (B)(2) (Supp. 2020).

Section 15-36-10(C) then outlines the procedure for finding an entire claim
or defense frivolous after the court has rendered its decision. The remainder of
section 15-36-10 (Supp. 2020) largely deals with procedural matters, the types of
sanctions that can be imposed, and other details.

Considering this format reveals the act's creation of at least two separate bases
for a motion for sanctions: those under subsection (A), and those under subsection
(C). The former is meant specifically to deal with filings or arguments in a civil suit.
The latter is meant to deal with situations in which an entire claim or defense was
unwarranted. Appellant in this case cited both subsections in its initial motion for
sanctions, giving it a colorable argument that it had made an argument for both.
However, it did not continue to do so before this court.

B. Appellant Abandons One of Its Arguments

Respondent asserts that Appellant has abandoned its argument under
subsection (C) in this appeal. We agree.

"Numerous cases have held that where an issue is not argued within the body
of the brief but is only a short conclusory statement, it is abandoned on appeal."
Ellie, Inc. v. Miccichi, 358 S.C. 78, 99, 594 S.E.2d 485, 496 (Ct. App. 2004). "[A]n
argument made in a reply brief cannot present an issue to the appellate court if it was
not addressed in the initial brief." Glasscock, Inc. v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 348 S.C.
76, 81, 557 S.E.2d 689, 692 (Ct. App. 2001).

We have reviewed Appellant's initial brief before this court, and it appears to
omit any discussion of subsection (C) of the FCPSA. This is not a mere oversight;
as explained above, motions under subsection (A) and subsection (C) are not the
same thing. They address different abuses of South Carolina's civil courts. Arguing
that the circuit court improperly deemed one of the reasons for sanctions untimely is
not the same as arguing that the circuit court improperly deemed the other reason
untimely. Indeed, Appellant repeatedly commingles the concepts for the two
different arguments in its brief when citing our supreme court's precedents, including
cases decided under subsection (C)—but while Appellant argues in its initial brief
that Respondent violated subsection (A), it never makes the same explicit claim vis
a vis subsection (C).

In its reply brief, Appellant does cite to subsection (C), but it never addresses
Respondent's allegations that it abandoned the argument under subsection (C). Nor
can Appellant do so. Its failure to even mention subsection (C) in its initial brief
means that the argument was abandoned on appeal. See Glasscock, 348 S.C. at 81,
557 S.E.2d at 692 ("[A]n argument made in a reply brief cannot present an issue to
the appellate court if it was not addressed in the initial brief.").

C. Timeliness of the Remaining Claims

We now consider whether the circuit court was mistaken in finding that the
remaining arguments were untimely under the FCPSA and Rule 11, SCRCP.

"[T]his [c]ourt has held that the filing of a notice of appeal does not deprive
the circuit court of jurisdiction to consider a timely post-trial motion." Holmes v. E.
Cooper Cmty. Hosp., Inc., 408 S.C. 138, 161, 758 S.E.2d 483, 496 (2014).
"[B]ecause a trial judge retains jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 59(e), SCRCP, to alter
or amend a judgment within ten days of its issuance, a motion for sanctions would
be timely if filed within ten days of judgment." Pitman v. Republic Leasing Co.,
351 S.C. 429, 432, 570 S.E.2d 187, 189 (Ct. App. 2002).

Our research has not revealed any authority in which South Carolina courts
have considered sanctions solely under subsection (A) of the post-2005 FCPSA.
Appellant nonetheless relies on opinions under the former version of the statute, or
those regarding subsection (C). Respondent argues that most of these cases are not
relevant because of those flaws, and that the new subsection (A) is meant to mirror
Rule 11, SCRCP.

Appellant emphasizes the result of Holmes. There, our supreme court upheld
sanctions the circuit court awarded while an appeal was still pending. 408 S.C. at
160–62, 758 S.E.2d at 495–96. "Motions made pursuant to the FCPSA are post-trial
motions. See S.C. Code Ann. 15-36-10(C)(1) (Supp. 2012) . . . . As such, a party
has ten days after the filing of a court order to file a motion pursuant to the FCPSA."
Id. at 160, 758 S.E.2d at 495 (emphasis added). However, unlike the remaining
arguments in this case, the Holmes court specifically decided the issue under
subsection (C). Id.
In Pitman, this court considered whether a circuit court could impose
sanctions on one of the parties under the previous version of the FCPSA after the
ten-day period for posttrial motions had passed. 351 S.C. at 431–33, 570 S.E.2d at
188–90. The circuit court had imposed sanctions despite the fact that the party
requesting them had "waited until almost two months after the grant of summary
judgment to move for sanctions under the Act." Id. at 432, 570 S.E.2d at 189. This
court vacated the award, holding that the FCPSA's mere existence—and its
relationship to equity—could not overcome the limits on the circuit court's
jurisdiction:

We cannot accept [Respondent]'s argument that because
proceedings under the Act sound in equity, the trial judge
retains jurisdiction to consider a motion for sanctions
limited only by the equitable defenses of estoppel and
laches. Absent specific statutory language vesting the trial
judge with continuing jurisdiction, we refuse to hold that
a trial judge retains jurisdiction to consider a motion for
sanctions beyond ten days after entry of the judgment.

Id. at 432–33, 570 S.E.2d at 189–90.

While Pitman was decided before the 2005 amendments to the FCPSA, we
note that no language in the current subsection (A) of section 15-36-10 extends the
jurisdiction of the circuit court over this case. Even if we were to accept
Respondent's argument that the equitable considerations that undergird Rule 11
could be imputed to subsection (A), our court has already specifically rejected the
argument that the rules of equity are the appropriate limits on the court's authority.

Taken together, Holmes and Pitman suggest that a circuit court at least has the
authority to issue sanctions under the FCPSA within ten days after entry of the
judgment and that a circuit court might lose jurisdiction to do so after the passage of
ten days. For those reasons, we conclude that the circuit court erred when it found
it could not consider a motion for sanctions before the conclusion of Respondent's
appeal. Because that error of law controlled the circuit court's ruling, it constitutes
an abuse of discretion. See Gregory, 378 S.C. at 437, 663 S.E.2d at 50 ("An abuse
of discretion occurs where the decision is controlled by an error of law or is based
on unsupported factual conclusions.").

Respondent relies heavily on our supreme court's decision in Pee Dee Health
Care, P.A. v. Estate of Thompson, 424 S.C. 520, 818 S.E.2d 758 (2018). In Pee Dee
Health Care, the court held that sanctions under Rule 11 could be imposed following
remittitur, but that sanctions under subsection (C) of the FCPSA could not. Id. at
524–25, 818 S.E.2d at 760. Rejecting the arguments under the FCPSA, the court
found that "South Carolina appellate courts have interpreted this subsection to
require a party to file its motion for sanctions under the FCPSA within ten days of
the entry of judgment." Id. at 529, 818 S.E.2d at 763 (emphasis added). However,
the supreme court found that "Rule 11 clearly does not include a ten-day time limit."
Id. at 531, 818 S.E.2d at 764. Instead, the court listed "a number of important
considerations a circuit court must make when determining whether a motion for
sanctions under Rule 11 is untimely." Id. at 531–37, 818 S.E.2d at 764–67.

However, we do not read Pee Dee Health Care to hold that a motion filed
before an appeal is decided is untimely. Indeed, we find persuasive a portion of
Justice Kittredge's concurrence: "The better practice under these circumstances
would be to file a Rule 11 motion not later than ten days following entry of judgment
in the trial court." Id. at 541, 818 S.E.2d at 770 (Kittredge, J., concurring).

Further, because the circuit court can timely consider sanctions under the
FCPSA in this matter before an appeal, sanctions under Rule 11 can be decided in
the same case. See Russell, 370 S.C. at 20 n.11, 633 S.E.2d at 730 n.11 (stating that
because a motion for sanctions under the FCPSA was "proper[,] it is only logical
that the Rule 11 motion was timely according to Ex parte Beard. See The Father v.
South Carolina Dep't of Soc. Servs., 345 S.C. 57, 72, 545 S.E.2d 523, 531 (Ct. App.
2001) (stating that criteria for Rule 11 sanctions are essentially the same as those for
sanctions under the FCPSA).").

We understand the awkward position that could, at first glance, confront
circuit courts facing similarly-situated motions for sanctions under our holding in
this case. Respondent's practical argument that a circuit court could rule that a
plaintiff or defendant had violated the FCPSA or Rule 11 by filing a case contrary
to clear precedent, only to see our supreme court reverse that precedent, resonates
with us. But we believe that concern should not govern our decision here for a
couple of reasons.

First, while we have found little law from other jurisdictions on this issue, we
note that federal courts have consistently taken a similar approach. See, e.g.,
Lancaster v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 5, 149 F.3d 1228, 1237 (10th Cir. 1998)
("Attorney's fees awards are collateral matters over which the district court retains
jurisdiction."); Apostol v. Gallion, 870 F.2d 1335, 1338 (7th Cir. 1989) ("A district
court may resolve the merits while the court of appeals deliberates about bond, may
award attorneys' fees while the court of appeals addresses the merits, and so on,
because there is no concurrent exercise of power on the same subject and little
overlap of issues. True, a decision reversing the judgment on the merits would affect
or nullify the award of fees, but the subjects are distinct."); Langham-Hill Petroleum
Inc. v. S. Fuels Co., 813 F.2d 1327, 1328 (4th Cir. 1987) (noting, tersely, that one
party "question[ed] the jurisdiction of the district court to award attorney's fees under
Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 after [the] notice of appeal has been filed. We find that the court
does retain such jurisdiction.")11; Masalosalo by Masalosalo v. Stonewall Ins. Co.,
718 F.2d 955, 957 (9th Cir. 1983) ("The district court retained the power to award
attorneys' fees after the notice of appeal from the decision on the merits had been
filed."), superseded on other grounds by rule, Fed. R. Civ. P. 54 advisory
committee's note to 1993 amendment; Obin v. Dist. No. 9 of Int'l Ass'n of Machinists
& Aerospace Workers, 651 F.2d 574, 583 (8th Cir. 1981) (noting that two previous
decisions of the court "served to clarify that the district courts retained jurisdiction
to pass upon a claim for attorney's fees even though one of the parties has filed a
notice of appeal on the merits of the litigation"); cf. Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx
Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 395 (1990) ("It is well established that a federal court may
consider collateral issues after an action is no longer pending. For example, district
courts may award costs after an action is dismissed for want of jurisdiction."),
superseded on other grounds by 1993 amendment to Fed. R. Civ. P. 11.

Second, in reference to the FCPSA in particular, the legislature appears to
have considered and responded to that concern. The standard under the FCPSA is
not success, but reasonableness. See Se. Site Prep, LLC v. Atl. Coast Builders &
Contractors, LLC, 394 S.C. 97, 107, 713 S.E.2d 650, 655 (Ct. App. 2011) ("We
conclude the Act creates substantive rights and imposes new obligations by
effectively changing the standard for imposing sanctions to a 'reasonable attorney'
standard."); S.C. Code Ann. § 15-36-10(A)(4)(a)(ii) (providing for sanctions if "a
reasonable attorney in the same circumstances would believe that under the facts,
his claim or defense was clearly not warranted under existing law and that a good
faith or reasonable argument did not exist for the extension, modification, or
reversal of existing law" (emphases added)); id. at (C)(1)(a) (providing for sanctions
if "a reasonable attorney in the same circumstances would believe that under the
facts, his claim or defense was clearly not warranted under existing law and that a

11
The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals noted that the United States Supreme Court's
holding in White v. New Hampshire Department of Employment Security, 455 U.S.
445 (1982), cast doubt on its own precedent that suggested the opposite. "This court
is bound by the Supreme Court's reasoning in White." Langham-Hill Petroleum,
Inc., 813 F.2d at 1331.
good faith or reasonable argument did not exist for the extension, modification, or
reversal of existing law" (emphases added)).

The wording of the statute suggests that the legislature considered that a
plaintiff or defendant might make a good-faith or reasonable argument to reverse
precedent, only to see the appellate courts decide that the precedent should stand
nonetheless. Some legal issues are close, and the common law continues to evolve.
A circuit court can timely consider prior to appeal a motion for sanctions under the
FCPSA precisely because the benchmarks in the legislation do not hinge on the
ultimate outcome of the litigation. Whether a litigant has made a reasonable, good-
faith argument sufficient to avoid sanctions is an inquiry a circuit court should make
based on the case and the facts before it.

We stress that this is a decision on the timeliness of Appellant's motion, not
the merits of that motion. Whether this is a case in which Respondent's argument
against precedent was reasonable—win or lose—is something that the circuit court
should first have the opportunity to consider. Because of its understandable error on
timeliness, the circuit court did not do that the first time. We remand this action so
that it may.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we reverse the decision of the circuit court and
remand for the circuit court's consideration of the motion for sanctions under
subsection (A) of the FCPSA and Rule 11, SCRCP.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.12

KONDUROS, GEATHERS, and MCDONALD, JJ., concur.

12
We decide this case without oral argument pursuant to Rule 215, SCACR.