State v. T. A. W.

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
June 3, 2025
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Samuel A. Christensen petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 and
RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2025AP437-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2024CF3159

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT I

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

T.A.W.,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Milwaukee County:
MARK A. SANDERS, Judge. Affirmed.

Before Donald, P.J., Geenen, and Colón, JJ.
No. 2025AP437-CR

¶1 GEENEN, J. Thomas1 appeals from an order of the circuit court
authorizing the involuntary administration of medication to restore Thomas to
competency to stand trial under WIS. STAT. § 971.14 (2023-24).2 Thomas argues
that the State failed to prove the four factors set forth in Sell v. United States, 539
U.S. 166 (2003), by clear and convincing evidence. In particular, he says that the
State failed to demonstrate that it had an important interest in prosecuting Thomas,
and his individualized treatment plan was constitutionally inadequate. We disagree
with Thomas and affirm the circuit court’s order.

BACKGROUND

¶2 According to the criminal complaint, police officers detained Thomas
because he matched the description of a retail theft suspect. Officer Dalton3
attempted to handcuff Thomas, but Thomas tensed his muscles and tried to break
free. The officers responded by pulling Thomas to the ground, but once on the
ground, Thomas kicked at Officer Dalton and grabbed at the Taser in Officer
Dalton’s holster. The officers eventually placed Thomas in handcuffs, and Officer
Dalton “sustained numerous abrasions to his hands and knees” in the process of
arresting Thomas. The State charged Thomas with resisting an officer causing a
soft tissue injury, a Class H felony, and misdemeanor retail theft. WIS. STAT.
§§ 946.41(2r), 943.50(1m)(b), 943.50(4)(a).

1
We use the pseudonym “Thomas” to refer to the defendant in this case for both ease of
reading and to protect the confidentiality of the proceedings.
2
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2023-24 version.
3
We use the pseudonym “Officer Dalton” because he is statutorily defined as a crime
victim. WIS. STAT. RULE 809.86(3).

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No. 2025AP437-CR

¶3 At the time of Thomas’s arrest, he was 40 years old with a significant
criminal record beginning when Thomas was an adolescent and resulting in his
incarceration on four occasions.4 Thomas’s juvenile record shows that he was
adjudicated delinquent for one count of first-degree sexual assault of a child. As an
adult, Thomas has been charged with various crimes in numerous different cases,
including retail theft, taking and driving a vehicle without consent, disorderly
conduct, manufacture/delivery of THC and cocaine, and multiple violations of the
sex offender registry. Thomas’s competence to stand trial has been evaluated in
several of those cases; in all but one, Thomas was deemed incompetent to proceed,
and the charges were dismissed.

¶4 At Thomas’s initial appearance, the circuit court ordered a
competency evaluation under WIS. STAT. § 971.14. Bail was not considered. After
receiving the competency evaluation report—which indicated a diagnosis of
unspecified schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic disorder—and holding a
hearing on the issue, the circuit court declared Thomas incompetent and committed
him for treatment because, if treated, he was likely to become competent within the
statutory time. The commitment order took effect on August 13, 2024.

¶5 On December 18, 2024, Thomas was admitted to Sand Ridge Secure
Treatment Center (“Sand Ridge”), and Dr. Andrew Kordus met with Thomas that
same day. Dr. Kordus prescribed Risperdal, an antipsychotic, to Thomas and
informed him that he was, at that time, free to refuse it. Thomas refused all doses.

4
During each period of incarceration, Thomas incurred multiple major and minor conduct
reports, mostly related to disruptive conduct, and in two of his four periods of incarceration,
Thomas was elevated to maximum custody due to conduct issues. Thomas also had his community
supervision revoked at least three times.

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No. 2025AP437-CR

¶6 Dr. Kordus met with Thomas again on January 3, 2025. Dr. Kordus
observed that Thomas was “profoundly disorganized” and exhibited “prominent
delusions.” Consequently, Dr. Kordus was unable to meaningfully discuss with
Thomas the advantages and disadvantages of medication. Dr. Kordus agreed with
the initial diagnosis of unspecified schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic
disorder but added that Thomas had a likely diagnosis of schizophrenia. Dr. Kordus
determined that only medication would alleviate Thomas’s psychotic symptoms
stemming from his mental illness. Dr. Kordus reviewed Thomas’s medical history
and learned that Thomas had been successfully treated with a six milligram dose of
Risperdal in 2010.

¶7 In light of his evaluations of Thomas, Dr. Kordus submitted a motion
for an order involuntarily medicating Thomas. He included an individualized
treatment plan providing for three oral medications. Dr. Kordus initially wanted to
try Risperdal, starting at the minimum effective daily dose of two milligrams and
increasing the dose if needed for efficacy to a maximum dose of eight milligrams.
If Risperdal was ineffective or resulted in an intolerable side effect, Dr. Kordus
would stop administering Risperdal and instead administer Haldol, beginning with
a 5 milligram dose and increasing if needed for efficacy up to a maximum dose of
40 milligrams. If neither Risperdal nor Haldol worked, Dr. Kordus planned to
administer Olanzapine first as a 10 milligram dose, with an increase to a maximum
dose of 30 milligrams if necessary for efficacy. For all of these medications,
Dr. Kordus intended to “use the lowest effective doses of medications necessary,”
and he planned for Thomas to take his medications “at bedtime.”

¶8 The circuit court held a hearing on the motion for involuntary
medication at which Dr. Kordus testified. Dr. Kordus’s testimony was largely

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No. 2025AP437-CR

consistent with the above facts related to Thomas’s diagnoses and treatment plan. 5
The circuit court found Dr. Kordus’s testimony credible, and it concluded that the
State satisfied its burden to prove the second, third, and fourth Sell factors. The
circuit court took additional time to decide whether the State satisfied the first Sell
factor in light of this court’s decision in State v. J.D.B., 2024 WI App 61, 414
Wis. 2d 108, 13 N.W.3d 525, review granted, 2025 WI 8, ___ Wis. 2d ___, 18
N.W.3d 694.

¶9 Three days later, the circuit court granted the involuntary medication
request after it concluded that the first Sell factor was satisfied (i.e., the government
had an important interest in prosecuting Thomas). It observed that Thomas was
charged with a Class H felony related to harming a police officer, just as the
defendant had in J.D.B. The circuit court determined that the underlying offense in
J.D.B. involved more violence than Thomas’s alleged offense, but it nevertheless
concluded that the offenses were equally serious for purposes of Sell because
Thomas both wounded Officer Dalton and attempted to seize his Taser. The circuit
court explained that Thomas’s conduct as described in the criminal complaint came
close to satisfying the elements of attempting to disarm a police officer under WIS.
STAT. § 941.21.

¶10 The circuit court also concluded that special circumstances did not
totally undermine the State’s interest in prosecuting Thomas. The court observed
that it had no information upon which it could conclude that Thomas would be
subject to civil commitment in the future pursuant to WIS. STAT. ch. 51 or as the

5
We observe that Dr. Kordus’s testimony differed slightly regarding the order of
medications outlined in Thomas’s individualized treatment plan. In the plan, Dr. Kordus wrote that
he would first administer Risperdal and add Olanzapine to the Risperdal if necessary, then taper off
the Risperdal. If Thomas failed to respond to either medication, Dr. Kordus would administer
Haldol. Thomas does not raise this discrepancy as an issue, so we discuss it no further.

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No. 2025AP437-CR

result of successfully asserting at trial a defense of not guilty by reason of mental
disease or defect (“NGI”). Moreover, Thomas’s lack of bail and time spent in
custody prior to his transfer to Sand Ridge did not defeat the State’s interest because
Thomas was a 40-year-old repeat offender who had grabbed at Officer Dalton’s
Taser. Having concluded that the State satisfied all four Sell factors and that
Thomas was not competent to refuse treatment, the court ordered that Thomas be
involuntarily medicated.

¶11 Thomas appeals.6

DISCUSSION

¶12 On appeal, Thomas argues that the circuit court’s involuntary
medication order violates his constitutional right to refuse involuntary medication
under Sell. Thomas has a constitutionally protected liberty interest in avoiding the
unwanted administration of antipsychotic drugs. State v. Fitzgerald, 2019 WI 69,
¶13, 387 Wis. 2d 384, 929 N.W.2d 165. If the State seeks an involuntary medication
order during criminal competency proceedings, the goal of that order is limited to
“rendering the defendant competent to stand trial.” Sell, 539 U.S. at 181.

¶13 In Sell, the Supreme Court set fourth four factors that the State must
demonstrate before forcibly medicating an accused person to competency to stand
trial: “(1) the State has an important interest in proceeding to trial; (2) involuntary
medication will significantly further the State’s interest; (3) involuntary medication

6
Prior to briefing, we granted Thomas’s motion to stay the involuntary medication order
pending appeal. Thomas’s commitment order expires on August 13, 2025. Because we affirm the
circuit court’s order for the administration of involuntary medication, upon release of this opinion,
we vacate this court’s previous order granting a stay pending appeal.

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No. 2025AP437-CR

is necessary to further the State’s interest; and (4) involuntary medication is
medically appropriate.” J.D.B., 414 Wis. 2d 108, ¶32.

¶14 Thomas argues that the State did not satisfy the first Sell factor
because “the non-violent offenses that Thomas is charged with do not meet the
legislature’s definition of serious crimes, and special circumstances reduce the
government’s interest in prosecuting Thomas.” Thomas also argues that the State
failed to satisfy the second and fourth Sell factors because Thomas’s individualized
treatment plan “does not identify the number of maximum dosages that may be
administered on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis,” nor did Dr. Kordus specify the
number of maximum dosages in his testimony.

I. Standard of Review

¶15 “The State is required to prove the factual components of each of the
four factors by clear and convincing evidence.” State v. Green, 2021 WI App 18,
¶16, 396 Wis. 2d 658, 957 N.W.2d 583. However, we have twice observed that
neither Sell nor Wisconsin courts have specified the appellate standard of review
applicable to a circuit court’s determination of whether these four factors are
satisfied. J.D.B., 414 Wis. 2d 108, ¶33; Green, 396 Wis. 2d 658, ¶18. The majority
of federal courts review the first factor de novo, although any factual findings
relevant to this legal determination are subject to clearly erroneous review. J.D.B.,
414 Wis. 2d 108, ¶33 (collecting cases). “These circuits also treat the remaining
factors as fact questions subject to clearly erroneous review, although one circuit
treats the second factor as a legal question reviewed de novo.” Id.

¶16 We need not reach a conclusion on what standard of review applies.
We reach the same conclusion with respect to both issues on appeal whether we
apply a “clearly erroneous” or “de novo” standard of review. See id., ¶34; Green,

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No. 2025AP437-CR

396 Wis. 2d 658, ¶20. Accordingly, we do not resolve or discuss further the parties’
arguments with respect to the applicable standard of review.

II. The First Sell Factor

a. The government has an important interest in prosecuting
Thomas.

¶17 Thomas argues that the State failed to prove that it has an important
interest in prosecuting Thomas under Sell. In particular, Thomas says that the crime
he was charged with is not “serious” for purposes of Sell, and special circumstances
undermine the State’s interest in prosecution.

¶18 “Before a criminal defendant can be subject to involuntary
medication, ‘a court must find that important governmental interests are at stake[,]’
and the State’s ‘interest in bringing to trial an individual accused of a serious crime
is important.’” J.D.B., 414 Wis. 2d 108, ¶36 (quoting Sell, 539 U.S. at 180; brackets
in J.D.B.). Sell does not define “serious crime,” and although we analyzed this term
in J.D.B., we did not define it. Id., 414 Wis. 2d 108, ¶36. We noted that WIS. STAT.
§ 969.08 defines “serious crime” for purposes of modifying or revoking bail, and
that definition specifically included the crime with which J.D.B. was charged. Id.
We also highlighted that J.D.B.’s alleged crime involved violence and carried a
maximum penalty of six years of imprisonment. Id.

¶19 In J.D.B., the defendant was charged with battery to a police officer,
while in this case, Thomas is charged with resisting an officer causing soft tissue
injury. Id. Although resisting an officer causing soft tissue injury is not listed as a
“serious crime” under WIS. STAT. § 969.08, there is no requirement in J.D.B. that a
crime must be listed in § 969.08 or any other statute defining “serious crime” in
other contexts in order to qualify as a “serious crime” under Sell. There are more

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No. 2025AP437-CR

similarities between the charges in J.D.B. and against Thomas than there are
differences. For example, as was the case in J.D.B., the victim of the crime Thomas
allegedly committed was a police officer and the charge carried a maximum penalty
of six years of imprisonment. We also observe that both the charges here and in
J.D.B. involve bodily harm being inflicted by the defendant, although we recognize
that battery involves the intentional causing of bodily harm while resisting does not.7

¶20 However, there is at least one aggravating factor present in this case
that was not present in J.D.B.; namely, that Thomas reached for Officer Dalton’s
Taser. As the circuit court pointed out, Thomas’s conduct as described in the
criminal complaint comes very close to satisfying the elements of attempting to
disarm a police officer under WIS. STAT. § 941.21, but that statute requires Thomas
to have actually succeeded at disarming Officer Dalton.8 Accordingly, we conclude
that the State has an important interest in bringing Thomas to trial because Thomas
is charged with a “serious crime” under Sell.

¶21 However, we do not consider the first Sell factor in a categorical
fashion. J.D.B., 414 Wis. 2d 108, ¶37. Sell instructs courts to “consider the facts
of the individual case in evaluating the [State’s] interest in prosecution. Special

7
Battery to a police officer occurs when the defendant “intentionally causes bodily harm
or threatens to cause bodily harm to the person ... of any ... law enforcement officer[.]” WIS. STAT.
§ 940.203(2); State v. J.D.B., 2024 WI App 61, ¶36, 414 Wis. 2d 108, 13 N.W.3d 525, review
granted, 2025 WI 8, ___ Wis. 2d ___, 18 N.W.3d 694. Resisting an officer causing soft tissue
injury occurs when the defendant “knowingly resists ... an officer while such officer is doing any
act in an official capacity and with lawful authority” and “causes substantial bodily harm or a soft
tissue injury to an officer[.]” WIS. STAT. § 946.41(1), (2r). “‘Soft tissue injury’ means an injury
that requires medical attention to a tissue that connects, supports, or surrounds other structures and
organs of the body and includes tendons, ligaments, fascia, skin, fibrous tissues, fat, synovial
membranes, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.” Sec. 946.41(2)(c).
8
“Whoever intentionally disarms a peace officer who is acting in his or her official
capacity by taking a dangerous weapon ... from the officer without his or her consent is guilty of a
Class H felony.” WIS. STAT. § 941.21.

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No. 2025AP437-CR

circumstances may lessen the importance of that interest.” Sell, 539 U.S. at 180. In
J.D.B., we considered several sets of special circumstances that were relevant to the
Sell analysis, including (1) the length and lawfulness of the defendant’s pretrial
detention, (2) the timeliness with which the defendant receives restorative treatment
after commitment but before refusing treatment, and (3) the defendant’s potential
for future civil commitment whether through chapter 51 proceedings, WIS. STAT.
§ 51.20, or as the result of successfully asserting at trial a defense of NGI. J.D.B.,
414 Wis. 2d 108, ¶¶40-51.

¶22 Thomas argues that he is similarly situated to the defendant in J.D.B.
where we concluded special circumstances existed that undermined the importance
of the State’s interest in prosecution. Id., ¶53. We disagree. First, the defendant in
J.D.B. was a “first-time, then-19-year-old offender,” whereas Thomas was a then-
40-year-old, repeat offender. Id. Second, and importantly, although Thomas and
the defendant in J.D.B. share similar stories with respect to their pretrial detentions
and the timeliness with which they received treatment, Thomas lacks a record upon
which to argue that there is significant potential of a future civil commitment. The
record in J.D.B. reflected “a significant potential for [the defendant]’s future civil
commitment” through either WIS. STAT. ch. 51 proceedings or by successfully
asserting an NGI defense at trial. Id., ¶41. In J.D.B., we specifically stated that
“the potential for [the defendant]’s future civil commitment and the length and
circumstances of his pretrial detention, taken together, undermine the importance of
the State’s interest in prosecution.” Id., ¶53 (emphasis added). We explained that
sets of special circumstances in isolation affect but do not “‘totally undermine’” the
importance of the State’s interest in prosecution, and it was the combination of many
sets of special circumstances that led to our conclusion in J.D.B. Id., ¶¶38, 52-53
(quoting Sell, 539 U.S. at 180). Here, although the special circumstances

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No. 2025AP437-CR

highlighted by Thomas lessen the State’s interest in prosecuting him (i.e., the length
and circumstances of his pretrial detention), Thomas falls short of “totally
undermin[ing]” that interest. See Sell, 539 U.S. at 180.

¶23 Accordingly, we conclude that the State satisfied its burden to show
that it has an important interest in bringing Thomas to trial, and although special
circumstances exist that lessen the State’s interest, it is not “totally undermined” in
this case.9

III. The Second and Fourth Sell Factors

¶24 Thomas argues in his brief-in-chief that the State failed to satisfy the
second and fourth Sell factors. Specifically, he says that his individualized
treatment plan is constitutionally inadequate because it fails to specify the maximum
number of dosages that may be administered during any given period of time. The
State points out in its response brief that Thomas’s individualized treatment plan
specifies that medication will be administered “at bedtime,” and Dr. Kordus
reiterated during his testimony that medication would be administered “at bedtime.”
“At bedtime” indicates that medication will be administered once per day. Thomas
does not respond to the State’s argument in his reply brief, therefore, he has
conceded it. DNR v. Building and All Related or Attached Structures
Encroaching on the Lake Noquebay Wildlife Area, 2011 WI App 119, ¶21, 336
Wis. 2d 642, 803 N.W.2d 86.

9
Because we affirm the circuit court’s order for other reasons, we do not discuss the
State’s invocation of Marsy’s Law, WIS. CONST. art. I, § 9m, and the restitution rights of crime
victims. State v. Blalock, 150 Wis. 2d 688, 703, 442 N.W.2d 514 (Ct. App. 1989) (“[C]ases should
be decided on the narrowest possible ground[.]”)

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No. 2025AP437-CR

CONCLUSION

¶25 We conclude that the State met its burden to satisfy all four Sell
factors by clear and convincing evidence. Thomas is charged with a serious crime
under Sell, and although special circumstances lessen the State’s interest in bringing
Thomas to trial, they do not totally undermine that interest. Additionally, Thomas
conceded that his individualized treatment plan identifies the maximum number of
dosages that may be administered on a daily basis. Accordingly, we affirm the
circuit court’s involuntary medication order.

By the Court.—Order affirmed.

Not recommended for publication in the official reports.

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